","Nama halaman di tab peramban, bookmark, dan hasil mesin pencari; tidak tampil di badan halaman.",{"_20":2217,"_45":2218},{"_34":2236,"_36":2237,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2239},"<header>","Pembuka halaman atau pembuka satu bagian, berisi judul dan identitas.","Wilayah halaman",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},"Elemen semantik: header, nav, main, footer","/belajar/html-css-dasar/elemen-semantik",{"_34":2243,"_36":2244,"_38":2245,"_40":2238,"_42":2246},"<nav>","Kumpulan tautan navigasi, ditulis sebagai daftar ul; bila ada dua nav, bedakan dengan aria-label.","<nav aria-label=\"Menu utama\">",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2248,"_36":2249,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2250},"<main>","Isi pokok halaman, satu per halaman, tanpa menu dan hak cipta yang berulang.",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2252,"_36":2253,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2254},"<section>","Satu bagian bertema yang punya judul sendiri; bagian tanpa judul cukup dibungkus div.",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2256,"_36":2257,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2258},"<article>","Satuan isi yang tetap masuk akal bila dipindahkan keluar halaman, misalnya satu berita.",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2260,"_36":2261,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2262},"<footer>","Keterangan penutup seperti alamat dan tahun; boleh muncul juga di akhir satu article.",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2264,"_36":2265,"_38":-7,"_40":766,"_42":2266},"<h1> … <h6>","Judul bertingkat menurut kedudukan, bukan ukuran huruf: satu h1, tingkatnya tidak dilompati.",{"_20":2267,"_45":2268},"Heading dan paragraf","/belajar/html-css-dasar/heading-dan-paragraf",{"_34":2270,"_36":2271,"_38":-7,"_40":766,"_42":2272},"<p>","Satu paragraf; baris kosong di kode tidak membuat jarak di halaman.",{"_20":2267,"_45":2268},{"_34":2274,"_36":2275,"_38":-7,"_40":766,"_42":2276},"<ul>, <ol>, <li>","Daftar berbutir untuk butir setara, bernomor untuk langkah berurutan; daftar bersarang ditulis di dalam li induknya.",{"_20":2277,"_45":2278},"Subjudul, daftar, dan penekanan teks","/belajar/html-css-dasar/subjudul-dan-daftar",{"_34":2280,"_36":2281,"_38":-7,"_40":766,"_42":2282},"<strong> dan <em>","strong menandai kepentingan, em menandai penekanan pengucapan; b dan i hanya menebalkan dan memiringkan tanpa makna.",{"_20":2277,"_45":2278},{"_34":2284,"_36":2285,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2287},"<a href=\"…\">","Absolut memuat skema (https://…); relatif: berkas.html di folder yang sama, ../ naik satu folder, / dihitung dari akar situs.","Tautan dan gambar",{"_20":2288,"_45":2289},"Tautan absolut, relatif, dan ke bagian halaman","/belajar/html-css-dasar/menambahkan-tautan",{"_34":2291,"_36":2292,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2293},"<a href=\"#kontak\">","Menuju elemen ber-id kontak di halaman yang sama; id tujuannya harus sama persis.",{"_20":2288,"_45":2289},{"_34":2295,"_36":2296,"_38":2297,"_40":2286,"_42":2298},"href=\"mailto:…\" · href=\"tel:+62…\"","Membuka surel atau aplikasi telepon; nomor ditulis +62 tanpa nol di depan dan tanpa spasi.","<a href=\"tel:+6281234567890\">Telepon kantor koperasi</a>",{"_20":2288,"_45":2289},{"_34":2300,"_36":2301,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2302},"<img src=\"…\" alt=\"…\" width=\"…\" height=\"…\">","Gambar tanpa tag penutup; width dan height menyiapkan ruang supaya teks tidak melompat saat gambar dimuat.",{"_20":2303,"_45":2304},"Gambar dan teks alternatif","/belajar/html-css-dasar/gambar-dan-teks-alternatif",{"_34":2306,"_36":2307,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2308},"alt=\"…\" dan alt=\"\"","Alt menyampaikan fungsi gambar, bukan nama berkasnya; gambar hiasan diberi alt kosong, atributnya tidak dihapus.",{"_20":2309,"_45":2310},"Teks alternatif: informatif dan dekoratif","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/teks-alternatif-gambar",{"_34":2312,"_36":2313,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2314},"<figure> dan <figcaption>","Mengikat keterangan yang terlihat pada gambarnya; figcaption tidak menggantikan alt.",{"_20":2303,"_45":2304},{"_34":2316,"_36":2317,"_38":-7,"_40":2318,"_42":2319},"<table>, <tr>, <td>","table membungkus tabel, tr satu baris, td satu sel data.","Tabel",{"_20":2320,"_45":2321},"Tabel data: baris, kolom, dan judul kolom","/belajar/html-css-dasar/tabel-data",{"_34":2323,"_36":2324,"_38":-7,"_40":2318,"_42":2325},"<th scope=\"col\"> · <th scope=\"row\">","Sel judul kolom atau baris; pembaca layar menyebut namanya setiap kali berpindah sel.",{"_20":2320,"_45":2321},{"_34":2327,"_36":2328,"_38":-7,"_40":2318,"_42":2329},"<caption>","Judul tabel yang ikut terbaca, ditulis sebagai anak pertama table.",{"_20":2320,"_45":2321},{"_34":2331,"_36":2332,"_38":-7,"_40":2318,"_42":2333},"<thead> dan <tbody>","Memisahkan baris judul dari baris data.",{"_20":2320,"_45":2321},{"_34":2335,"_36":2336,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2338},"<form action=\"/daftar\" method=\"post\">","Membungkus semua isian; get untuk pencarian, post untuk data yang mengubah sesuatu di server.","Formulir",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},"Formulir dasar: label, input, dan tombol","/belajar/html-css-dasar/formulir-dasar",{"_34":2342,"_36":2343,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2344},"<label for=\"nama\">","Nilai for sama persis dengan id input, bukan dengan name; teks label lalu bisa diklik dan dibacakan.",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},{"_34":2346,"_36":2347,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2348},"<input type=\"email\" id=\"surel\" name=\"surel\">","type memilih jenis isian (text, email, number, date, tel); input tanpa name tidak ikut terkirim.",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},{"_34":2350,"_36":2351,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2352},"required · placeholder","required menolak kiriman selama isian kosong; placeholder hanya contoh bentuk isian, bukan pengganti label.",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},{"_34":2354,"_36":2355,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2356},"<button type=\"submit\">","Tombol pengirim formulir dengan type ditulis eksplisit.",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},{"_34":2358,"_36":2359,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2360},"<fieldset> dan <legend>","Mengelompokkan tombol radio atau kotak centang; legend adalah pertanyaan grupnya.",{"_20":2361,"_45":2362},"Formulir berkelompok dan tabel data","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/formulir-dan-tabel-data",{"_34":2364,"_36":2365,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2366},"autocomplete=\"email\"","Nilai baku seperti name, email, tel, dan postal-code untuk data tentang pengguna sendiri.",{"_20":2361,"_45":2362},{"_34":2368,"_36":2369,"_38":2370,"_40":2371,"_42":2372},"lang=\"en\" pada satu bagian","Menandai kutipan berbahasa lain supaya dibacakan dengan lafal bahasanya.","<p lang=\"en\">Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.</p>","Atribut aksesibilitas",{"_20":2373,"_45":2374},"HTML semantik, landmark, dan bahasa halaman","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/html-semantik-dan-landmark",{"_34":2376,"_36":2377,"_38":-7,"_40":2371,"_42":2378},"tabindex=\"0\" · tabindex=\"-1\"","0 memasukkan elemen ke urutan Tab, −1 hanya bisa difokus lewat skrip. Nilai positif didahulukan sebelum semua elemen lain, jadi MDN meminta hanya 0 dan −1.",{"_20":2379,"_45":2380},"Navigasi papan ketik dan fokus","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/navigasi-papan-ketik",{"_34":2382,"_36":2383,"_38":-7,"_40":2371,"_42":2384},"<a href=\"#isi-utama\">Langsung ke isi utama</a>","Tautan lewati: elemen pertama di body yang menaut ke id elemen main.",{"_20":2379,"_45":2380},{"_34":2386,"_36":2387,"_38":2388,"_40":2371,"_42":2389},"aria-label · aria-labelledby","Memberi nama aksesibel; aria-labelledby menunjuk id teks yang terlihat dan mengalahkan aria-label.","<section aria-labelledby=\"judul-promo\">",{"_20":2390,"_45":2391},"ARIA: aturan pemakaian, nama, dan wilayah langsung","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/aria-dasar",{"_34":2393,"_36":2394,"_38":-7,"_40":2371,"_42":2395},"aria-live=\"polite\"","Pesan status diumumkan tanpa memindah fokus; dipasang pada elemen kosong yang sudah ada sebelum pesannya ditulis.",{"_20":2390,"_45":2391},{"_34":2397,"_36":2398,"_38":2399,"_40":2371,"_42":2400},"<track kind=\"captions\">","Takarir di dalam video; tanpa kind, berkasnya diperlakukan sebagai subtitle.","<track kind=\"captions\" srclang=\"id\" label=\"Indonesia\" src=\"video.vtt\">",{"_20":2401,"_45":2402},"Media: takarir, transkrip, dan deskripsi audio","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/takarir-transkrip-deskripsi-audio",{"_18":2404,"_20":2405,"_22":2406,"_24":2407,"_26":2408,"_28":7,"_29":1099,"_31":2409},"rumus-fisika","Rumus Fisika: Gerak, Gaya, Energi, Listrik, dan Optik","Rumus GLB dan GLBB, hukum Newton, usaha dan energi, tekanan, kalor, gelombang, hukum Ohm, dan hukum Snellius dalam satuan SI — masing-masing menaut ke soal hitungan yang dinilai otomatis.","Fisika","⚛",[2410,2418,2425,2430,2437,2441,2446,2451,2458,2466,2472,2479,2486,2490,2494,2501,2505,2511,2515,2521,2526,2533,2538,2542,2548,2554,2559,2565,2571,2578,2585,2591,2599,2606,2610,2615,2622,2629],{"_34":2411,"_36":2412,"_38":2413,"_40":2414,"_42":2415},"km/jam ÷ 3,6 = m/s","Karena 1 km = 1.000 m dan 1 jam = 3.600 s, angka km/jam cukup dibagi 3,6.","72 km/jam ÷ 3,6 = 20 m/s","Satuan dan gerak lurus",{"_20":2416,"_45":2417},"Besaran, satuan SI, dan awalan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/besaran-satuan-si-awalan",{"_34":2419,"_36":2420,"_38":2421,"_40":2414,"_42":2422},"v = Δx ÷ Δt","Kecepatan rata-rata memakai perpindahan; kelajuan rata-rata memakai jarak tempuh.","300 m ke timur lalu 100 m ke barat dalam 200 s: kelajuan 2 m/s, kecepatan 1 m/s",{"_20":2423,"_45":2424},"Kelajuan, kecepatan, dan gerak lurus beraturan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/kecepatan-dan-glb",{"_34":2426,"_36":2427,"_38":2428,"_40":2414,"_42":2429},"x = x₀ + v × t","Gerak lurus beraturan: kecepatannya tetap, perpindahannya sebanding dengan waktu.","25 m/s × 120 s = 3.000 m",{"_20":2423,"_45":2424},{"_34":2431,"_36":2432,"_38":2433,"_40":2414,"_42":2434},"a = (v − v₀) ÷ t","Percepatan rata-rata dalam m/s²; tanda negatif berarti benda melambat.","(20 − 5) ÷ 5 = 3 m/s²",{"_20":2435,"_45":2436},"Percepatan dan gerak lurus berubah beraturan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/percepatan-dan-glbb",{"_34":2438,"_36":2439,"_38":-7,"_40":2414,"_42":2440},"v = v₀ + a × t","Kecepatan setelah t sekon pada gerak lurus berubah beraturan.",{"_20":2435,"_45":2436},{"_34":2442,"_36":2443,"_38":2444,"_40":2414,"_42":2445},"x = v₀ × t + ½ × a × t²","Perpindahan pada GLBB bila waktunya diketahui.","5 × 5 + ½ × 3 × 5² = 62,5 m",{"_20":2435,"_45":2436},{"_34":2447,"_36":2448,"_38":2449,"_40":2414,"_42":2450},"v² = v₀² + 2 × a × x","Persamaan GLBB tanpa waktu, dipakai untuk jarak pengereman dengan a bertanda negatif.","20 m/s direm 4 m/s² sampai berhenti: x = 400 ÷ 8 = 50 m",{"_20":2435,"_45":2436},{"_34":2452,"_36":2453,"_38":2454,"_40":2414,"_42":2455},"v = g × t · h = ½ × g × t²","Jatuh bebas dari diam dengan g = 9,8 m/s²; massa benda tidak ikut menentukan.","3 s: v = 29,4 m/s, h = 44,1 m",{"_20":2456,"_45":2457},"Jatuh bebas dan lemparan vertikal","/belajar/fisika-dasar/jatuh-bebas",{"_34":2459,"_36":2460,"_38":2461,"_40":2462,"_42":2463},"t = √(2h ÷ g) · x = v₀ × t","Lemparan mendatar: waktu jatuhnya sama dengan jatuh bebas, kecepatan mendatar hanya menentukan jarak mendaratnya.","h = 1,225 m, v₀ = 2 m/s: t = 0,5 s, x = 1 m","Gerak parabola dan gerak melingkar",{"_20":2464,"_45":2465},"Gerak parabola: dua gerak yang berjalan bersamaan","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/gerak-parabola-lemparan-mendatar",{"_34":2467,"_36":2468,"_38":-7,"_40":2462,"_42":2469},"R = v₀² × sin 2θ ÷ g","Jangkauan lemparan miring di tanah datar; terjauh pada 45°, dan sudut 30° serta 60° memberi jangkauan sama.",{"_20":2470,"_45":2471},"Lemparan miring: tinggi maksimum dan jangkauan","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/lemparan-miring-tinggi-jangkauan",{"_34":2473,"_36":2474,"_38":2475,"_40":2462,"_42":2476},"a = v² ÷ r · F = m × v² ÷ r","Percepatan dan gaya sentripetal, selalu mengarah ke pusat lingkaran; v = ω × r dan ω = 2π ÷ T.","200 kg, 10 m/s, r = 40 m: F = 500 N",{"_20":2477,"_45":2478},"Gerak melingkar beraturan dan gaya sentripetal","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/gerak-melingkar-beraturan",{"_34":2480,"_36":2481,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2483},"ΣF = m × a","Hukum kedua Newton; 1 N = 1 kg·m/s².","Gaya, usaha, energi, dan momentum",{"_20":2484,"_45":2485},"Hukum Newton: gaya, massa, berat, dan gesekan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/hukum-newton-berat-gesekan",{"_34":2487,"_36":2488,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2489},"w = m × g","Berat adalah gaya, bersatuan newton; massa 1 kg beratnya 9,8 N.",{"_20":2484,"_45":2485},{"_34":2491,"_36":2492,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2493},"f = μk × N","Gaya gesek kinetik; di lantai datar tanpa gaya tegak lain, N sama dengan berat benda.",{"_20":2484,"_45":2485},{"_34":2495,"_36":2496,"_38":2497,"_40":2482,"_42":2498},"W = F × d × cos θ","Usaha dalam joule; nol bila gaya tegak lurus perpindahan.","80 N searah perpindahan 5 m = 400 J",{"_20":2499,"_45":2500},"Usaha dan daya","/belajar/fisika-dasar/usaha-dan-daya",{"_34":2502,"_36":2503,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2504},"P = W ÷ t","Daya rata-rata dalam watt, 1 W = 1 J/s.",{"_20":2499,"_45":2500},{"_34":2506,"_36":2507,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2508},"EK = ½ × m × v²","Energi kinetik; kelajuan dua kali berarti energi empat kali.",{"_20":2509,"_45":2510},"Energi kinetik, energi potensial, dan kekekalan energi","/belajar/fisika-dasar/energi-kinetik-potensial-kekekalan",{"_34":2512,"_36":2513,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2514},"EP = m × g × h","Energi potensial gravitasi terhadap ketinggian acuan. Tanpa gesekan, EK + EP tetap, sehingga v = √(2 × g × h).",{"_20":2509,"_45":2510},{"_34":2516,"_36":2517,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2518},"p = m × v · F × Δt = Δp","Momentum dan impuls; arah pada gerak satu dimensi dinyatakan dengan tanda.",{"_20":2519,"_45":2520},"Momentum dan tumbukan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/momentum-dan-tumbukan",{"_34":2522,"_36":2523,"_38":2524,"_40":2482,"_42":2525},"v′ = (m₁v₁ + m₂v₂) ÷ (m₁ + m₂)","Kecepatan bersama setelah tumbukan menempel: momentum kekal, energi kinetik tidak.","2.000 kg × 3 m/s menabrak 1.000 kg diam: v′ = 2 m/s",{"_20":2519,"_45":2520},{"_34":2527,"_36":2528,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2530},"P = F ÷ A","Tekanan dalam pascal, 1 Pa = 1 N/m²; ubah luas dari cm² ke m² lebih dulu.","Fluida dan kalor",{"_20":2531,"_45":2532},"Tekanan, tekanan hidrostatis, dan hukum Archimedes","/belajar/fisika-dasar/tekanan-hidrostatis-archimedes",{"_34":2534,"_36":2535,"_38":2536,"_40":2529,"_42":2537},"P = ρ × g × h","Tekanan hidrostatis hanya bergantung pada kedalaman dan jenis fluidanya, bukan bentuk wadah.","dasar kolam 2 m: 2 × 1.000 × 9,8 = 19.600 Pa",{"_20":2531,"_45":2532},{"_34":2539,"_36":2540,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2541},"F apung = ρ fluida × V tercelup × g","Hukum Archimedes: gaya apung sama dengan berat fluida yang dipindahkan.",{"_20":2531,"_45":2532},{"_34":2543,"_36":2544,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2545},"A₁ × v₁ = A₂ × v₂","Persamaan kontinuitas: debit Q = A × v sama di setiap penampang, jadi air lebih cepat di bagian sempit.",{"_20":2546,"_45":2547},"Fluida mengalir: debit, kontinuitas, dan Bernoulli","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/fluida-dinamis-kontinuitas-bernoulli",{"_34":2549,"_36":2550,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2551},"Q = m × c × ΔT","Kalor untuk mengubah suhu; kalor jenis air 4.186 J/(kg·°C).",{"_20":2552,"_45":2553},"Kalor jenis dan perubahan wujud","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/kalor-jenis-perubahan-wujud",{"_34":2555,"_36":2556,"_38":2557,"_40":2529,"_42":2558},"Q = m × L","Kalor perubahan wujud; selama es mencair atau air mendidih suhunya tidak naik.","kalor lebur es 334 kJ/kg",{"_20":2552,"_45":2553},{"_34":2560,"_36":2561,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2562},"ΔL = α × L₀ × ΔT","Pemuaian panjang; α baja 12 × 10⁻⁶ /°C. Kenaikan 1 °C sama dengan kenaikan 1 K.",{"_20":2563,"_45":2564},"Pemuaian termal dan skala kelvin","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/pemuaian-termal-skala-kelvin",{"_34":2566,"_36":2567,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2568},"η Carnot = 1 − Tc ÷ Th","Batas efisiensi mesin kalor; kedua suhu dalam kelvin, T = t + 273,15.",{"_20":2569,"_45":2570},"Hukum I termodinamika dan efisiensi mesin kalor","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/hukum-pertama-termodinamika-mesin-kalor",{"_34":2572,"_36":2573,"_38":-7,"_40":2574,"_42":2575},"T = 2π × √(L ÷ g)","Periode bandul sederhana bersudut kecil; massa beban tidak ikut menentukan. Untuk pegas: T = 2π × √(m ÷ k).","Getaran, gelombang, dan bunyi",{"_20":2576,"_45":2577},"Getaran: pegas dan bandul sederhana","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/getaran-pegas-dan-bandul",{"_34":2579,"_36":2580,"_38":2581,"_40":2574,"_42":2582},"v = f × λ","Cepat rambat gelombang; saat pindah medium, frekuensinya tetap dan panjang gelombangnya berubah.","radio 50 MHz: λ = 3 × 10⁸ ÷ (5 × 10⁷) = 6 m",{"_20":2583,"_45":2584},"Gelombang: frekuensi, panjang gelombang, dan cepat rambat","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/gelombang-frekuensi-panjang-gelombang",{"_34":2586,"_36":2587,"_38":-7,"_40":2574,"_42":2588},"β = 10 × log(I ÷ I₀)","Taraf intensitas dalam desibel dengan I₀ = 10⁻¹² W/m²; naik 10 dB berarti intensitas sepuluh kali.",{"_20":2589,"_45":2590},"Bunyi: gema, intensitas, dan taraf intensitas dalam desibel","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/bunyi-gema-intensitas-desibel",{"_34":2592,"_36":2593,"_38":2594,"_40":2595,"_42":2596},"V = I × R","Hukum Ohm; ubah mA ke A lebih dulu, 50 mA = 0,05 A.","12 V ÷ 0,5 A = 24 Ω","Listrik",{"_20":2597,"_45":2598},"Arus, tegangan, hambatan, dan hukum Ohm","/belajar/fisika-dasar/arus-tegangan-hukum-ohm",{"_34":2600,"_36":2601,"_38":2602,"_40":2595,"_42":2603},"Rs = R₁ + R₂ · 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂","Hambatan pengganti seri dan paralel; hambatan paralel selalu lebih kecil dari hambatan terkecilnya.","6 Ω dan 3 Ω: seri 9 Ω, paralel 2 Ω",{"_20":2604,"_45":2605},"Rangkaian seri, rangkaian paralel, daya listrik, dan kWh","/belajar/fisika-dasar/rangkaian-seri-paralel-daya-kwh",{"_34":2607,"_36":2608,"_38":-7,"_40":2595,"_42":2609},"P = V × I","Daya listrik dalam watt; bentuk lainnya I² × R dan V² ÷ R.",{"_20":2604,"_45":2605},{"_34":2611,"_36":2612,"_38":2613,"_40":2595,"_42":2614},"kWh = kW × jam","Energi pada tagihan listrik; ubah watt ke kilowatt dulu. 1 kWh = 3.600.000 J.","400 W, 2 jam sehari, 30 hari: 0,4 × 60 = 24 kWh",{"_20":2604,"_45":2605},{"_34":2616,"_36":2617,"_38":-7,"_40":2618,"_42":2619},"n₁ × sin θ₁ = n₂ × sin θ₂","Hukum Snellius dengan sudut diukur dari garis normal; indeks bias n = c ÷ v.","Optik",{"_20":2620,"_45":2621},"Pembiasan, indeks bias, dan hukum Snellius","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/pembiasan-hukum-snellius",{"_34":2623,"_36":2624,"_38":2625,"_40":2618,"_42":2626},"1/f = 1/dₒ + 1/dᵢ","Persamaan cermin dan lensa tipis; perbesarannya m = −dᵢ ÷ dₒ, dan m negatif berarti bayangan terbalik.","cermin cekung f = 15 cm, benda 20 cm: dᵢ = 60 cm, m = −3",{"_20":2627,"_45":2628},"Pemantulan dan cermin lengkung","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/pemantulan-cermin-lengkung",{"_34":2630,"_36":2631,"_38":2632,"_40":2618,"_42":2633},"P = 1 ÷ f","Daya lensa dalam dioptri dengan f dalam meter; kacamata minus adalah lensa cekung untuk rabun jauh.","f = −50 cm → P = −2 D",{"_20":2634,"_45":2635},"Lensa tipis: bayangan, perbesaran, dan daya lensa","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/lensa-tipis-daya-lensa",{"_18":2637,"_20":2638,"_22":2639,"_24":2640,"_26":2641,"_28":7,"_29":2012,"_31":2642},"rumus-kimia","Rumus Kimia: Mol, Molaritas, pH, Gas Ideal, dan Entalpi","Rumus mol dan massa molar, stoikiometri, molaritas dan pengenceran, pH, larutan penyangga, gas ideal, entalpi, hukum Hess, dan kesetimbangan — masing-masing menaut ke soal hitungan yang dinilai otomatis.","Kimia","⚗",[2643,2651,2656,2663,2667,2674,2682,2687,2691,2698,2704,2709,2717,2722,2728,2733,2740,2746,2753,2761,2767,2771,2777,2783,2790,2795,2801,2805,2811,2818],{"_34":2644,"_36":2645,"_38":2646,"_40":2647,"_42":2648},"neutron = A − Z","Nomor massa dikurangi nomor atom; atom netral punya elektron sebanyak protonnya.","besi-56, Z = 26: 30 neutron","Atom dan senyawa",{"_20":2649,"_45":2650},"Partikel penyusun atom dan isotop","/belajar/kimia-dasar/partikel-penyusun-atom",{"_34":2652,"_36":2653,"_38":2654,"_40":2647,"_42":2655},"massa atom rata-rata = Σ(massa isotop × kelimpahan)","Rata-rata berbobot seluruh isotop; itulah angka massa atom di tabel periodik.","klorin: 35 × 0,75 + 37 × 0,25 = 35,5",{"_20":2649,"_45":2650},{"_34":2657,"_36":2658,"_38":2659,"_40":2647,"_42":2660},"elektron ion = Z − muatan","Kation melepas elektron, anion menerima elektron; jumlah protonnya tidak berubah.","S²⁻: 16 + 2 = 18 elektron",{"_20":2661,"_45":2662},"Ion dan jenis ikatan","/belajar/kimia-dasar/ion-dan-jenis-ikatan",{"_34":2664,"_36":2665,"_38":-7,"_40":2647,"_42":2666},"golongan 1: +1 · 2: +2 · 15: −3 · 16: −2 · 17: −1","Muatan ion unsur golongan utama yang diramalkan dari tabel periodik; aluminium di golongan 13 bermuatan +3.",{"_20":2661,"_45":2662},{"_34":2668,"_36":2669,"_38":2670,"_40":2647,"_42":2671},"Al³⁺ + O²⁻ → Al₂O₃","Rumus senyawa ion memakai perbandingan terkecil yang membuat total muatannya nol; ion poliatom yang lebih dari satu diberi kurung.","Mg(OH)₂ · Ca₃(PO₄)₂",{"_20":2672,"_45":2673},"Menulis rumus senyawa ion","/belajar/kimia-dasar/rumus-senyawa-ion",{"_34":2675,"_36":2676,"_38":2677,"_40":2678,"_42":2679},"n = massa ÷ massa molar","Mengubah gram menjadi mol; arah sebaliknya massa = n × massa molar.","88 g CO₂ ÷ 44 g/mol = 2 mol","Mol dan stoikiometri",{"_20":2680,"_45":2681},"Massa molar, mol, dan bilangan Avogadro","/belajar/kimia-dasar/massa-molar-dan-mol",{"_34":2683,"_36":2684,"_38":2685,"_40":2678,"_42":2686},"massa molar = Σ(Ar × indeks)","Indeks di luar tanda kurung mengalikan seluruh isi kurung.","Ca(OH)₂ = 40 + 2 × (16 + 1) = 74 g/mol",{"_20":2680,"_45":2681},{"_34":2688,"_36":2689,"_38":-7,"_40":2678,"_42":2690},"jumlah partikel = n × 6,02 × 10²³","Bilangan Avogadro mengubah mol menjadi jumlah atom atau molekul.",{"_20":2680,"_45":2681},{"_34":2692,"_36":2693,"_38":2694,"_40":2678,"_42":2695},"setarakan dengan koefisien, bukan indeks","Jumlah atom tiap unsur sama di kedua sisi, dengan koefisien bilangan bulat terkecil.","CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O",{"_20":2696,"_45":2697},"Menyetarakan persamaan reaksi","/belajar/kimia-dasar/menyetarakan-reaksi",{"_34":2699,"_36":2700,"_38":-7,"_40":2678,"_42":2701},"pereaksi pembatas = mol ÷ koefisien terkecil","Bukan pereaksi yang gramnya paling sedikit; yang habis lebih dulu menentukan banyaknya hasil.",{"_20":2702,"_45":2703},"Stoikiometri, pereaksi pembatas, dan persen hasil","/belajar/kimia-dasar/stoikiometri-dan-hasil-reaksi",{"_34":2705,"_36":2706,"_38":2707,"_40":2678,"_42":2708},"persen hasil = hasil nyata ÷ hasil teoretis × 100%","Kedua hasil ditulis dalam satuan yang sama, misalnya gram.","30,6 g ÷ 36 g × 100% = 85%",{"_20":2702,"_45":2703},{"_34":2710,"_36":2711,"_38":2712,"_40":2713,"_42":2714},"M = mol ÷ liter larutan","Molaritas memakai volume larutan akhir; mililiter dibagi 1.000 lebih dulu.","0,2 mol dalam 500 mL = 0,4 M","Larutan, asam, dan basa",{"_20":2715,"_45":2716},"Molaritas dan pengenceran","/belajar/kimia-dasar/molaritas-dan-pengenceran",{"_34":2718,"_36":2719,"_38":2720,"_40":2713,"_42":2721},"M₁ × V₁ = M₂ × V₂","Pengenceran tidak mengubah mol zat terlarut; V₂ adalah volume larutan akhir, bukan air yang ditambahkan.","50 mL HCl 6 M diencerkan sampai 300 mL: 1 M",{"_20":2715,"_45":2716},{"_34":2723,"_36":2724,"_38":-7,"_40":2713,"_42":2725},"pH = −log[H⁺]","[H⁺] = 10⁻ⁿ M berarti pH n; selisih satu satuan pH berarti [H⁺] berbeda sepuluh kali.",{"_20":2726,"_45":2727},"Asam, basa, dan pH","/belajar/kimia-dasar/asam-basa-dan-ph",{"_34":2729,"_36":2730,"_38":2731,"_40":2713,"_42":2732},"pH + pOH = 14","Berlaku pada 25 °C; untuk larutan basa hitung pOH dari [OH⁻] lebih dulu.","[OH⁻] = 10⁻³ M → pOH 3 → pH 11",{"_20":2726,"_45":2727},{"_34":2734,"_36":2735,"_38":2736,"_40":2713,"_42":2737},"[H₃O⁺] ≈ √(Ka × C)","Asam lemah hanya terion sebagian; pendekatan ini layak bila persen ionisasinya di bawah 5%. Untuk basa lemah: [OH⁻] ≈ √(Kb × C).","asam format 0,10 M, Ka 1,8 × 10⁻⁴ → pH 2,37",{"_20":2738,"_45":2739},"Asam dan basa lemah: Ka dan Kb","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/ka-kb-asam-basa-lemah",{"_34":2741,"_36":2742,"_38":-7,"_40":2713,"_42":2743},"pH = pKa + log([A⁻] ÷ [HA])","Persamaan Henderson–Hasselbalch untuk larutan penyangga; bila [A⁻] = [HA], pH = pKa.",{"_20":2744,"_45":2745},"Larutan penyangga","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/larutan-penyangga",{"_34":2747,"_36":2748,"_38":2749,"_40":2713,"_42":2750},"M asam × V asam = M basa × V basa","Titik ekuivalen titrasi asam dan basa berproton satu; satu mol H₂SO₄ yang diprotik butuh dua mol NaOH.","25,0 mL HCl, ekuivalen pada 20,0 mL NaOH 0,100 M: 0,080 M",{"_20":2751,"_45":2752},"Titrasi asam-basa","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/titrasi-asam-basa",{"_34":2754,"_36":2755,"_38":2756,"_40":2757,"_42":2758},"PV = nRT","R = 0,08206 L·atm/(mol·K) untuk atm dan liter, 8,314 J/(mol·K) untuk SI; suhu dalam kelvin, °C + 273,15.","0,25 mol, 0 °C, 1 atm: V = 5,60 L","Gas dan termokimia",{"_20":2759,"_45":2760},"Hukum gas ideal","/belajar/kimia-dasar/hukum-gas-ideal",{"_34":2762,"_36":2763,"_38":-7,"_40":2757,"_42":2764},"q = m × c × ΔT","Kalor yang diserap larutan di kalorimeter; kalor reaksinya sama besar dengan tanda berlawanan.",{"_20":2765,"_45":2766},"Entalpi reaksi dan kalorimetri","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/entalpi-dan-kalorimetri",{"_34":2768,"_36":2769,"_38":-7,"_40":2757,"_42":2770},"ΔH < 0 eksoterm · ΔH > 0 endoterm","Reaksi eksoterm melepas kalor sehingga lingkungannya menghangat; endoterm menyerap kalor sehingga lingkungannya mendingin.",{"_20":2765,"_45":2766},{"_34":2772,"_36":2773,"_38":-7,"_40":2757,"_42":2774},"ΔH° = Σn·ΔH°f produk − Σn·ΔH°f pereaksi","Entalpi reaksi dari tabel entalpi pembentukan standar; unsur dalam bentuk paling stabilnya ber-ΔH°f nol.",{"_20":2775,"_45":2776},"Entalpi pembentukan standar","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/entalpi-pembentukan-standar",{"_34":2778,"_36":2779,"_38":-7,"_40":2757,"_42":2780},"hukum Hess","Persamaan dibalik, tanda ΔH dibalik; dikalikan, ΔH ikut dikalikan; dijumlahkan, ΔH dijumlahkan.",{"_20":2781,"_45":2782},"Hukum Hess","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/hukum-hess",{"_34":2784,"_36":2785,"_38":-7,"_40":2786,"_42":2787},"laju = k[A]ᵐ[B]ⁿ","Orde reaksi ditentukan dari data laju awal, bukan dibaca dari koefisien persamaan reaksi.","Laju, kesetimbangan, dan redoks",{"_20":2788,"_45":2789},"Hukum laju dan orde reaksi","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/hukum-laju-dan-orde",{"_34":2791,"_36":2792,"_38":2793,"_40":2786,"_42":2794},"sisa = (½)ⁿ","Bagian pereaksi yang tersisa setelah n kali waktu paruh pada reaksi orde satu.","waktu paruh 20 menit, setelah 80 menit: (½)⁴ = 6,25%",{"_20":2788,"_45":2789},{"_34":2796,"_36":2797,"_38":-7,"_40":2786,"_42":2798},"Kc = [C]ᶜ[D]ᵈ ÷ ([A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ)","Konsentrasi setimbang dipangkatkan koefisiennya; padatan dan cairan murni tidak ditulis.",{"_20":2799,"_45":2800},"Kesetimbangan dan tetapan Kc","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/tetapan-kesetimbangan",{"_34":2802,"_36":2803,"_38":-7,"_40":2786,"_42":2804},"Q < Kc → ke kanan · Q > Kc → ke kiri","Kuosien reaksi dihitung dari konsentrasi saat itu lalu dibandingkan dengan Kc untuk meramalkan arah reaksi.",{"_20":2799,"_45":2800},{"_34":2806,"_36":2807,"_38":-7,"_40":2786,"_42":2808},"asas Le Chatelier","Sistem setimbang bergeser mengurangi gangguan; tekanan naik menggeser ke sisi bermol gas lebih sedikit, dan hanya suhu yang mengubah Kc.",{"_20":2809,"_45":2810},"Pergeseran kesetimbangan: asas Le Chatelier","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/asas-le-chatelier",{"_34":2812,"_36":2813,"_38":2814,"_40":2786,"_42":2815},"Σ biloks = muatan total","Oksigen umumnya −2 dan hidrogen +1 bila terikat nonlogam; oksidasi berarti biloks naik.","KMnO₄: +1 + x − 8 = 0 → Mn +7",{"_20":2816,"_45":2817},"Bilangan oksidasi dan reaksi redoks","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/bilangan-oksidasi-dan-redoks",{"_34":2819,"_36":2820,"_38":2821,"_40":2786,"_42":2822},"E°sel = E°katode − E°anode","Potensial reduksi yang lebih positif menjadi katode; E° tidak dikalikan koefisien.","sel Daniell: 0,34 − (−0,76) = 1,10 V",{"_20":2823,"_45":2824},"Sel volta dan potensial sel","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/sel-volta-dan-potensial",{"_18":2826,"_20":2827,"_22":2828,"_24":2829,"_26":2830,"_28":7,"_29":2831,"_31":2832},"kata-baku","Daftar Kata Baku dan Tidak Baku untuk Surat Kerja","Kata baku menurut KBBI, ejaan kata serapan, dan penulisan kata yang paling sering keliru di surat kantor — praktik, analisis, risiko, mengubah, di sini, apa pun — masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang menilai pilihanmu.","Kata baku","Aa",41,[2833,2841,2846,2850,2855,2860,2865,2870,2875,2879,2883,2887,2891,2896,2903,2907,2912,2916,2920,2927,2931,2935,2939,2943,2947,2951,2955,2959,2963,2967,2975,2980,2984,2989,2995,2999,3003,3007,3014,3018,3024],{"_34":2834,"_36":2835,"_38":2836,"_40":2837,"_42":2838},"praktik, bukan praktek","Entri praktik di KBBI mencantumkan praktek sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","praktik kerja lapangan","Kata baku menurut KBBI",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},"Kata baku dan cara membaca KBBI","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/kata-baku-dan-kbbi",{"_34":2842,"_36":2843,"_38":2844,"_40":2837,"_42":2845},"analisis, bukan analisa","Mencari analisa di KBBI mengarahkan ke entri bentuk bakunya, analisis.","Analisis biaya selesai Jumat.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2847,"_36":2848,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2849},"jadwal, bukan jadual","Entri jadwal menandai jadual sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2851,"_36":2852,"_38":2853,"_40":2837,"_42":2854},"risiko, bukan resiko","Suku pertamanya ri-; resiko dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","risiko keselamatan kerja",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2856,"_36":2857,"_38":2858,"_40":2837,"_42":2859},"silakan, bukan silahkan","Ditulis tanpa huruf h; silahkan dicatat sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","Silakan menunggu di ruang tamu.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2861,"_36":2862,"_38":2863,"_40":2837,"_42":2864},"mengubah, bukan merubah","Kata dasarnya ubah, bukan rubah, sehingga meng- + ubah menjadi mengubah.","mengubah format laporan",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2866,"_36":2867,"_38":2868,"_40":2837,"_42":2869},"mengimbau, bukan menghimbau","Kata dasarnya imbau; KBBI mencatat himbau sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","Pimpinan mengimbau staf hadir tepat waktu.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2871,"_36":2872,"_38":2873,"_40":2837,"_42":2874},"andal, bukan handal","Ditulis tanpa h di depan; handal dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","staf yang andal",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2876,"_36":2877,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2878},"kualitas, bukan kwalitas","Ditulis ku, bukan kw; entri kualitas mencantumkan kwalitas sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2880,"_36":2881,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2882},"kuitansi, bukan kwitansi","Sama seperti kualitas: ku, bukan kw. KBBI mencatat kwitansi sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2884,"_36":2885,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2886},"aktivitas, bukan aktifitas","Ditulis dengan v; aktifitas dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2888,"_36":2889,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2890},"provinsi, bukan propinsi","Ditulis dengan v; propinsi dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2892,"_36":2893,"_38":2894,"_40":2837,"_42":2895},"karier, bukan karir","Entri karier mencantumkan karir sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","jenjang karier pegawai",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2897,"_36":2898,"_38":2899,"_40":2837,"_42":2900},"zaman, bukan jaman","Diawali huruf z; jaman dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","di zaman digital",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},"Misi: memperbaiki paragraf laporan","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/misi-memperbaiki-laporan",{"_34":2904,"_36":2905,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2906},"sistem, bukan sistim","Suku akhirnya -tem; sistim dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2908,"_36":2909,"_38":2910,"_40":2837,"_42":2911},"antre, bukan antri","Berakhir dengan e, begitu pula turunannya antrean; antri dicatat sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","Warga tidak perlu antre lama.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2913,"_36":2914,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2915},"detail, bukan detil","KBBI mencatat detil sebagai bentuk tidak baku dari detail.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2917,"_36":2918,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2919},"nasihat, bukan nasehat","Suku keduanya -si-; nasehat dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2921,"_36":2922,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2924},"sertifikat, bukan sertipikat","Dari certificate: c sebelum e menjadi s. KBBI mencatat sertipikat sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","Kata serapan",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},"Menulis unsur serapan","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/menulis-unsur-serapan",{"_34":2928,"_36":2929,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2930},"ekspor, bukan eksport","Dari export: x di tengah kata menjadi ks. KBBI mencatat eksport sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2932,"_36":2933,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2934},"skema, bukan sekema","Dari scheme: sch di depan vokal menjadi sk, tanpa vokal sisipan. KBBI mencatat sekema sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2936,"_36":2937,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2938},"teknik dan teknologi, bukan tehnik dan tehnologi","Gabungan ch yang diikuti konsonan atau o menjadi k: technique → teknik, technology → teknologi.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2940,"_36":2941,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2942},"product → produk","Gabungan ct di akhir kata menjadi k, seperti contract menjadi kontrak.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2944,"_36":2945,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2946},"cursor → kursor","Huruf c yang diikuti a, o, u, atau konsonan menjadi k; construction juga menjadi konstruksi.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2948,"_36":2949,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2950},"cyber → siber","Huruf c yang diikuti e, i, oe, atau y menjadi s; central juga menjadi sentral.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2952,"_36":2953,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2954},"phase → fase","Gabungan ph menjadi f, dan th menjadi t.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2956,"_36":2957,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2958},"ticket → tiket · taxi → taksi","Gabungan ck menjadi k, dan x di tengah kata menjadi ks.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2960,"_36":2961,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2962},"effect → efek","Konsonan ganda menjadi tunggal, kecuali bila bentuk tunggalnya bermakna lain: massa tetap massa supaya tidak tertukar dengan masa.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2964,"_36":2965,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2966},"de jure, force majeure","Unsur yang tidak diserap ditulis miring apa adanya, tanpa penyesuaian ejaan.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2968,"_36":2969,"_38":2970,"_40":2971,"_42":2972},"di sini, bukan disini","Di yang menunjuk tempat adalah kata depan dan ditulis terpisah; di- pembentuk kata kerja pasif ditulis serangkai, seperti disimpan.","Berkas itu disimpan di dalam lemari.","Dirangkai atau dipisah",{"_20":2973,"_45":2974},"Kata depan, partikel, dan kata ganti","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/kata-depan-partikel-kata-ganti",{"_34":2976,"_36":2977,"_38":2978,"_40":2971,"_42":2979},"keluar dan ke luar","Keluar adalah kata kerja; ke luar adalah kata depan ditambah kata arah.","keluar dari ruangan · pergi ke luar kota",{"_20":2973,"_45":2974},{"_34":2981,"_36":2982,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":2983},"apa pun, bukan apapun","Partikel pun ditulis terpisah, kecuali pada penghubung yang sudah padu: walaupun, meskipun, bagaimanapun, adapun.",{"_20":2973,"_45":2974},{"_34":2985,"_36":2986,"_38":2987,"_40":2971,"_42":2988},"per hari, satu per satu","Per yang berarti tiap, mulai, demi, atau melalui ditulis terpisah.","Rp60.000,00 per rim · berlaku per 1 Maret",{"_20":2973,"_45":2974},{"_34":2990,"_36":2991,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":2992},"pertanggungjawaban, bukan pertanggung jawaban","Gabungan kata yang mendapat awalan dan akhiran sekaligus ditulis serangkai, seperti ditandatangani.",{"_20":2993,"_45":2994},"Kata berimbuhan, bentuk ulang, dan gabungan kata","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/kata-berimbuhan-dan-gabungan-kata",{"_34":2996,"_36":2997,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":2998},"garis bawahi, bukan garisbawahi","Gabungan kata yang hanya berakhiran, atau hanya berawalan seperti bertanda tangan, tetap ditulis terpisah.",{"_20":2993,"_45":2994},{"_34":3000,"_36":3001,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3002},"wali kota, bukan walikota","Unsur gabungan kata ditulis terpisah, seperti rumah sakit dan tanda tangan.",{"_20":2993,"_45":2994},{"_34":3004,"_36":3005,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3006},"antarkantor, non-ASN","Bentuk terikat seperti antar, pasca, dan non ditulis serangkai; bila bertemu huruf kapital, dirangkai dengan tanda hubung.",{"_20":2993,"_45":2994},{"_34":3008,"_36":3009,"_38":3010,"_40":2971,"_42":3011},"s.d., bukan s/d","Singkatan dua huruf diberi titik di setiap huruf; garis miring tidak dipakai untuk sampai dengan.","pukul 09.00 s.d. 11.00 WIB",{"_20":3012,"_45":3013},"Singkatan dan akronim","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/singkatan-dan-akronim",{"_34":3015,"_36":3016,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3017},"Rp12.000,00, bukan Rp. 12.000","Lambang mata uang ditulis tanpa titik dan rapat dengan angkanya.",{"_20":3012,"_45":3013},{"_34":3019,"_36":3020,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3021},"ke-3 atau ketiga, bukan ke 3","Ke- dirangkai tanda hubung dengan angka Arab dan serangkai dengan huruf; bentuk ke-tiga tidak ada.",{"_20":3022,"_45":3023},"Angka dan bilangan","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/angka-dan-bilangan",{"_34":3025,"_36":3026,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3027},"1990-an, bukan 1990an","Angka yang mendapat akhiran -an dirangkai dengan tanda hubung.",{"_20":3022,"_45":3023},{"_18":3029,"_20":3030,"_22":3031,"_24":3032,"_26":3033,"_28":7,"_29":3034,"_31":3035},"tenses-bahasa-inggris","Tenses Bahasa Inggris: Rumus dan Penanda Waktunya","Rumus present simple, present continuous, past simple, present perfect, past continuous, kalimat pasif, dan tiga pola if — lengkap dengan penanda waktu yang memilihnya, masing-masing menaut ke soal yang dinilai.","Tenses","EN",17,[3036,3044,3051,3058,3065,3072,3079,3084,3092,3097,3102,3109,3116,3124,3131,3138,3143],{"_34":3037,"_36":3038,"_38":3039,"_40":3040,"_42":3041},"am / is / are","To be untuk I (am), he, she, it (is), dan you, we, they (are); kalimat tanpa kata kerja lain tetap memerlukannya.","She is happy. · There are two cats in the garden.","Sekarang",{"_20":3042,"_45":3043},"To be — am, is, are, dan there is / there are","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/a1-to-be-am-is-are",{"_34":3045,"_36":3046,"_38":3047,"_40":3040,"_42":3048},"present simple: I work · she works","Kebiasaan, rutinitas, dan fakta tetap; subjek he, she, it menambah -s, -es, atau -ies.","She studies English every night.",{"_20":3049,"_45":3050},"Present simple, kata benda jamak, dan kata tunjuk","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/a1-present-simple-everyday",{"_34":3052,"_36":3053,"_38":3054,"_40":3040,"_42":3055},"don't / doesn't + bentuk dasar","Negatif dan pertanyaan present simple; sesudah does, kata kerja kembali ke bentuk dasar.","Does she like tea? · He doesn't like spicy food.",{"_20":3056,"_45":3057},"Mesin kalimat A1 — pronoun, -s, do, dan there","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/en-a1-sentence-engine",{"_34":3059,"_36":3060,"_38":3061,"_40":3040,"_42":3062},"present simple untuk jadwal","Jadwal tetap seperti keberangkatan kereta memakai present simple, bukan present continuous.","The train leaves at 6 PM every evening.",{"_20":3063,"_45":3064},"Misi 2 — rutinitas, kejadian sekarang, dan kata kerja keadaan","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/misi-2",{"_34":3066,"_36":3067,"_38":3068,"_40":3040,"_42":3069},"present continuous: am / is / are + -ing","Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung; penandanya now, right now, at the moment, atau seruan seperti Listen!","The baby is sleeping right now.",{"_20":3070,"_45":3071},"Misi 1 — kebiasaan dan kejadian saat ini","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/misi-1",{"_34":3073,"_36":3074,"_38":3075,"_40":3040,"_42":3076},"present continuous untuk keadaan sementara","Keadaan yang berlaku sebentar lalu berakhir, misalnya dengan keterangan this week.","We are staying at a hotel this week.",{"_20":3077,"_45":3078},"Misi 4 — keadaan sementara dan kejadian masa lampau","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/misi-4",{"_34":3080,"_36":3081,"_38":3082,"_40":3040,"_42":3083},"kata kerja keadaan tanpa -ing","know, believe, want, need, dan understand tetap present simple walaupun maknanya menunjuk saat ini.","I believe that he is telling the truth.",{"_20":3063,"_45":3064},{"_34":3085,"_36":3086,"_38":3087,"_40":3088,"_42":3089},"past simple + waktu lampau yang tertutup","yesterday, last year, two weeks ago, dan in 1995 menunjuk waktu yang sudah selesai.","The factory produced its first engine in 1974.","Lampau dan present perfect",{"_20":3090,"_45":3091},"Memilih bentuk waktu dari penandanya","/belajar/inggris-untuk-tes/tense-dari-penanda-waktu",{"_34":3093,"_36":3094,"_38":3095,"_40":3088,"_42":3096},"past simple tidak beraturan","Sebagian kata kerja berubah tanpa akhiran -ed: see → saw, go → went, buy → bought.","I saw a great movie last night.",{"_20":3077,"_45":3078},{"_34":3098,"_36":3099,"_38":3100,"_40":3088,"_42":3101},"present perfect: have / has + bentuk -ed","Rentang waktu yang masih terbuka sampai sekarang: since, yet, today, this year, in the last six months.","The price of copper has risen twice since January.",{"_20":3090,"_45":3091},{"_34":3103,"_36":3104,"_38":3105,"_40":3088,"_42":3106},"present perfect + for / since","Keadaan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlangsung: for diikuti lamanya waktu, since diikuti titik awalnya.","I have worked here since 2022.",{"_20":3107,"_45":3108},"Pekerjaan sekarang dan pengalaman kerja","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-kerja/pekerjaan-dan-pengalaman",{"_34":3110,"_36":3111,"_38":3112,"_40":3088,"_42":3113},"past continuous: was / were + -ing","Kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika kegiatan lain menyela; kegiatan penyelanya memakai past simple.","I was having dinner when you called me.",{"_20":3114,"_45":3115},"Misi 3 — kata kerja keadaan, pertanyaan, dan latar masa lampau","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/misi-3",{"_34":3117,"_36":3118,"_38":3119,"_40":3120,"_42":3121},"modal + bentuk dasar","Sesudah can, could, will, would, must, dan should, kata kerjanya tanpa to, tanpa -s, dan tanpa -ing.","The committee must check the figures before Friday.","Kata bantu, pasif, dan pengandaian",{"_20":3122,"_45":3123},"Bentuk kata kerja sesudah kata bantu","/belajar/inggris-untuk-tes/bentuk-kata-kerja-setelah-kata-bantu",{"_34":3125,"_36":3126,"_38":3127,"_40":3120,"_42":3128},"pasif: be + bentuk -ed","Waktunya menempel pada be — is/are, was/were, has been, will be — sedangkan kata kerja utamanya tetap bentuk -ed.","The bridge was built in 1928.",{"_20":3129,"_45":3130},"Kalimat pasif","/belajar/inggris-untuk-tes/kalimat-pasif",{"_34":3132,"_36":3133,"_38":3134,"_40":3120,"_42":3135},"if + present simple, will + bentuk dasar","Pengandaian yang mungkin terjadi.","If the valve fails, the tank will overflow.",{"_20":3136,"_45":3137},"Misi: waktu, kata bantu, pasif, dan pengandaian","/belajar/inggris-untuk-tes/misi-waktu-dan-bentuk",{"_34":3139,"_36":3140,"_38":3141,"_40":3120,"_42":3142},"if + past simple, would + bentuk dasar","Pengandaian yang dianggap tidak mungkin terjadi.","If the city planted more trees, the streets would be cooler.",{"_20":3136,"_45":3137},{"_34":3144,"_36":3145,"_38":3146,"_40":3120,"_42":3147},"if + past perfect, would have + bentuk -ed","Pengandaian tentang masa lalu yang sudah lewat dan tidak terjadi.","If the sensor had been replaced in March, the shutdown would not have happened.",{"_20":3136,"_45":3137},"actionData","errors"] </article></body></html>

[{"_1":2,"_3148":-5,"_3149":-5},"loaderData",{"_3":4,"_11":12},"root",{"_5":-5,"_6":7,"_8":7,"_9":10},"user","admin",false,"impersonating","promo","aktif","routes/cheatsheets",{"_13":14,"_15":16},"query","SELECT kolom1, kolom2","sheets",[17,156,332,622,954,1093,1353,1545,1830,2006,2205,2403,2636,2825,3028],{"_18":19,"_20":21,"_22":23,"_24":25,"_26":27,"_28":7,"_29":30,"_31":32},"slug","pintasan-excel","title","Pintasan Keyboard Excel yang Dipakai Tiap Hari","summary","Pintasan Excel yang benar-benar menghemat waktu, dikelompokkan menurut pekerjaannya, lengkap dengan padanan Mac dan tautan ke pelajaran yang melatihnya.","tab","Pintasan Excel","mark","⌨","salin","count",20,"rows",[33,47,54,58,64,71,75,82,89,96,102,106,110,117,123,129,135,142,146,150],{"_34":35,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_40":41,"_42":43},"item","Ctrl + ↓ / ↑ / ← / →","meaning","Lompat ke ujung blok data ke arah panah; berhenti tepat sebelum sel kosong.","example","Dari A1, Ctrl+↓ mendarat di baris terakhir yang terisi.","group","Berpindah di data besar","lesson",{"_20":44,"_45":46},"Sel, alamat, dan rumus pertama","href","/belajar/excel-dasar/sel-baris-dan-rumus-pertama",{"_34":48,"_36":49,"_38":50,"_40":41,"_42":51},"Ctrl + Shift + ↓","Memilih dari sel sekarang sampai ujung blok data — cara memilih satu kolom penuh tanpa menyeret.","Klik A2, lalu Ctrl+Shift+↓ untuk memilih seluruh isi kolom A.",{"_20":52,"_45":53},"Menjumlahkan banyak sel dengan SUM","/belajar/excel-dasar/menjumlahkan-dengan-sum",{"_34":55,"_36":56,"_38":-7,"_40":41,"_42":57},"Ctrl + Home","Kembali ke sel A1.",{"_20":44,"_45":46},{"_34":59,"_36":60,"_38":-7,"_40":41,"_42":61},"Ctrl + End","Pergi ke sel terakhir yang pernah dipakai. Kalau mendarat jauh dari data, ada sisa sel kotor di sana.",{"_20":62,"_45":63},"Memeriksa sel kosong, duplikat, dan angka teks","/belajar/spreadsheet-data-rapi/pemeriksaan-kualitas",{"_34":65,"_36":66,"_38":-7,"_40":67,"_42":68},"Ctrl + D","Menyalin isi sel di atas ke sel terpilih (Down). Rumusnya ikut menyesuaikan referensi relatif.","Mengisi dan menyalin",{"_20":69,"_45":70},"Menyalin rumus, referensi relatif, dan seri","/belajar/excel-dasar/menyalin-rumus-referensi-relatif",{"_34":72,"_36":73,"_38":-7,"_40":67,"_42":74},"Ctrl + R","Menyalin isi sel di kiri ke kanan (Right).",{"_20":69,"_45":70},{"_34":76,"_36":77,"_38":78,"_40":67,"_42":79},"Ctrl + Enter","Mengisi seluruh rentang terpilih dengan isi yang baru diketik, sekaligus.","Pilih B2:B50, ketik =A2*1,11, lalu Ctrl+Enter.",{"_20":80,"_45":81},"Operator dan urutan hitung","/belajar/excel-dasar/operator-dan-urutan-hitung",{"_34":83,"_36":84,"_38":85,"_40":67,"_42":86},"Ctrl + Alt + V","Tempel khusus: pilih Nilai untuk membuang rumus, atau Format untuk menyalin tampilannya saja.","Dipakai saat hasil rumus harus dikirim tanpa rumusnya.",{"_20":87,"_45":88},"Referensi campuran dan tabel tarif","/belajar/excel-dasar/referensi-campuran-tabel-tarif",{"_34":90,"_36":91,"_38":-7,"_40":92,"_42":93},"F4 (Mac: Cmd + T)","Mengunci referensi saat kursor menyentuh alamat sel di rumus: A1 → $A$1 → A$1 → $A1 → A1.","Rumus",{"_20":94,"_45":95},"Mengunci sel dengan referensi absolut","/belajar/excel-dasar/mengunci-sel-dengan-referensi-absolut",{"_34":97,"_36":98,"_38":-7,"_40":92,"_42":99},"F2","Menyunting isi sel di tempat, dan menyorot sel mana saja yang dipakai rumusnya.",{"_20":100,"_45":101},"Membaca pesan error: #DIV/0!, #VALUE!, #NAME?, #REF!","/belajar/excel-dasar/membaca-pesan-error",{"_34":103,"_36":104,"_38":-7,"_40":92,"_42":105},"Alt + =","Menyisipkan SUM atas rentang di atas atau di kiri secara otomatis.",{"_20":52,"_45":53},{"_34":107,"_36":108,"_38":-7,"_40":92,"_42":109},"Ctrl + `","Berganti antara menampilkan hasil dan menampilkan rumus di seluruh lembar. Cara tercepat memeriksa lembar orang lain.",{"_20":100,"_45":101},{"_34":111,"_36":112,"_38":-7,"_40":113,"_42":114},"Ctrl + 1","Membuka kotak Format Sel — semua format angka, tanggal, dan garis ada di sini.","Format",{"_20":115,"_45":116},"Format Rupiah dan tempat desimal","/belajar/excel-format-laporan/rupiah-dan-desimal",{"_34":118,"_36":119,"_38":-7,"_40":113,"_42":120},"Ctrl + B","Menebalkan sel terpilih — dipakai untuk baris judul, bukan untuk menandai data penting.",{"_20":121,"_45":122},"Judul tebal, rata tengah, dan lebar kolom","/belajar/excel-format-laporan/judul-tebal-rata-lebar-kolom",{"_34":124,"_36":125,"_38":-7,"_40":113,"_42":126},"Ctrl + Shift + %","Format persen dengan nol angka desimal. Nilainya tidak berubah, hanya tampilannya.",{"_20":127,"_45":128},"Format persen dan tanggal dd/mm/yyyy","/belajar/excel-format-laporan/persen-dan-tanggal",{"_34":130,"_36":131,"_38":-7,"_40":113,"_42":132},"Ctrl + Shift + #","Format tanggal singkat. Kalau hasilnya tetap teks rata kiri, isinya memang bukan tanggal.",{"_20":133,"_45":134},"Tanggal sungguhan dan teks yang mirip tanggal","/belajar/spreadsheet-data-rapi/tanggal-seri-dan-teks",{"_34":136,"_36":137,"_38":-7,"_40":138,"_42":139},"Ctrl + T","Menjadikan rentang sebagai tabel terstruktur: judul ikut membeku, rumus menyebar sendiri ke baris baru, dan rentangnya melar saat data bertambah.","Tabel, filter, dan pencarian",{"_20":140,"_45":141},"Filter dan urutkan tabel","/belajar/excel-format-laporan/filter-dan-urutkan-tabel",{"_34":143,"_36":144,"_38":-7,"_40":138,"_42":145},"Ctrl + Shift + L","Memasang atau melepas filter pada baris judul.",{"_20":140,"_45":141},{"_34":147,"_36":148,"_38":-7,"_40":138,"_42":149},"Ctrl + F","Mencari teks atau angka di lembar.",{"_20":62,"_45":63},{"_34":151,"_36":152,"_38":-7,"_40":138,"_42":153},"Ctrl + H","Mencari dan mengganti. Hati-hati: tanpa mencentang 'seluruh isi sel', potongan kata ikut terganti.",{"_20":154,"_45":155},"Kesalahan yang merusak data","/belajar/spreadsheet-data-rapi/kesalahan-umum",{"_18":157,"_20":158,"_22":159,"_24":160,"_26":161,"_28":7,"_29":162,"_31":163},"rumus-matematika-dasar","Rumus Matematika Dasar yang Sering Dipakai","Rumus bangun datar dan ruang, persen, rasio, statistik, dan bunga — yang benar-benar dipakai di pekerjaan dan ujian, masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang menilai jawabanmu.","Matematika","∑",27,[164,172,178,184,190,197,203,209,215,222,226,232,239,245,252,258,264,270,276,283,289,295,301,308,314,320,326],{"_34":165,"_36":166,"_38":167,"_40":168,"_42":169},"Nilai akhir = awal × (100 + p) ÷ 100","Menaikkan sebuah nilai sebesar p persen. Untuk penurunan, ganti tanda tambah jadi kurang.","Harga 80.000 naik 15% → 80.000 × 115 ÷ 100 = 92.000","Persen, untung, dan diskon",{"_20":170,"_45":171},"Persen dari suatu nilai dan mencari nilai awal","/belajar/bilangan-dasar/persen-dari-nilai-dan-nilai-awal",{"_34":173,"_36":174,"_38":-7,"_40":168,"_42":175},"Nilai awal = akhir × 100 ÷ (100 + p)","Mencari harga sebelum kenaikan. Membagi dengan 1,15 bukan mengurangi 15 persen.",{"_20":176,"_45":177},"Misi: kenaikan dan penurunan persen pada daftar harga","/belajar/bilangan-dasar/misi-kenaikan-dan-penurunan-persen",{"_34":179,"_36":180,"_38":-7,"_40":168,"_42":181},"Persen untung = (jual − beli) ÷ beli × 100","Pembaginya harga beli, bukan harga jual. Tertukar di sini membuat marginnya terlihat lebih kecil.",{"_20":182,"_45":183},"Persen untung dan rugi terhadap modal","/belajar/matematika-uang/persen-untung-dan-rugi",{"_34":185,"_36":186,"_38":-7,"_40":168,"_42":187},"Diskon berantai bukan penjumlahan","Diskon 20% lalu 10% sama dengan 0,8 × 0,9 = 0,72, yaitu potongan 28%, bukan 30%.",{"_20":188,"_45":189},"Diskon tunggal dan diskon berantai","/belajar/matematika-uang/diskon-tunggal-dan-berantai",{"_34":191,"_36":192,"_38":-7,"_40":193,"_42":194},"a ÷ b = c ÷ d","Perbandingan senilai; diselesaikan dengan perkalian silang a × d = b × c.","Perbandingan, skala, dan satuan",{"_20":195,"_45":196},"Menghitung dengan perkalian silang","/belajar/perbandingan-skala/perkalian-silang",{"_34":198,"_36":199,"_38":-7,"_40":193,"_42":200},"a × b = tetap","Perbandingan berbalik nilai: makin banyak pekerja, makin sedikit waktunya. Hasil kalinya yang tetap.",{"_20":201,"_45":202},"Mengenali senilai dan berbalik nilai","/belajar/perbandingan-skala/senilai-dan-berbalik-nilai",{"_34":204,"_36":205,"_38":-7,"_40":193,"_42":206},"Jarak sebenarnya = jarak peta × penyebut skala","Skala 1 : 250.000 berarti 1 cm di peta sama dengan 250.000 cm, yaitu 2,5 km.",{"_20":207,"_45":208},"Skala peta dan gambar teknik","/belajar/perbandingan-skala/skala-peta-dan-denah",{"_34":210,"_36":211,"_38":-7,"_40":193,"_42":212},"v = s ÷ t","Kecepatan, jarak, waktu. Satuannya harus sejenis sebelum dibagi — km dengan jam, meter dengan detik.",{"_20":213,"_45":214},"Kecepatan, jarak, dan waktu","/belajar/perbandingan-skala/kecepatan-jarak-waktu",{"_34":216,"_36":217,"_38":-7,"_40":218,"_42":219},"Luas segitiga = ½ × alas × tinggi","Tingginya tegak lurus terhadap alas yang dipilih, bukan sisi miringnya.","Bangun datar dan bangun ruang",{"_20":220,"_45":221},"Segitiga, jajar genjang, dan trapesium","/belajar/geometri-dasar/segitiga-jajar-genjang-trapesium",{"_34":223,"_36":224,"_38":-7,"_40":218,"_42":225},"Luas trapesium = ½ × (a + b) × t","a dan b adalah dua sisi yang sejajar.",{"_20":220,"_45":221},{"_34":227,"_36":228,"_38":-7,"_40":218,"_42":229},"Keliling lingkaran = 2πr · Luas = πr²","Keliling memakai jari-jari pangkat satu, luas memakai pangkat dua — itu pembeda yang paling sering tertukar.",{"_20":230,"_45":231},"Lingkaran: keliling dan luas","/belajar/geometri-dasar/lingkaran",{"_34":233,"_36":234,"_38":235,"_40":218,"_42":236},"c² = a² + b²","Teorema Pythagoras, hanya berlaku pada segitiga siku-siku; c adalah sisi terpanjang.","3 dan 4 → c = 5, dipakai tukang untuk memastikan sudut benar-benar siku.",{"_20":237,"_45":238},"Teorema Pythagoras dan tripel yang sering muncul","/belajar/geometri-dasar/teorema-pythagoras",{"_34":240,"_36":241,"_38":-7,"_40":218,"_42":242},"Volume tabung = πr² × t","Luas alas dikali tinggi — pola yang sama berlaku untuk prisma apa pun.",{"_20":243,"_45":244},"Tabung: volume dan luas permukaan","/belajar/geometri-dasar/tabung",{"_34":246,"_36":247,"_38":-7,"_40":248,"_42":249},"Rata-rata = jumlah semua nilai ÷ banyak nilai","Satu nilai ekstrem menariknya jauh; untuk data yang miring, median lebih mewakili.","Statistik dan peluang",{"_20":250,"_45":251},"Kapan rata-rata menyesatkan","/belajar/statistika-peluang/rata-rata-yang-menyesatkan",{"_34":253,"_36":254,"_38":-7,"_40":248,"_42":255},"Rata-rata berbobot = Σ(nilai × bobot) ÷ Σbobot","Dipakai untuk nilai rapor, IPK, dan harga rata-rata pembelian bertahap.",{"_20":256,"_45":257},"Rata-rata berbobot","/belajar/statistika-peluang/rata-rata-berbobot",{"_34":259,"_36":260,"_38":-7,"_40":248,"_42":261},"Jangkauan antar-kuartil = Q3 − Q1","Sebaran setengah data tengah; tidak terpengaruh nilai ekstrem seperti jangkauan biasa.",{"_20":262,"_45":263},"Kuartil dan jangkauan antar-kuartil","/belajar/statistika-peluang/kuartil-dan-jangkauan-antar-kuartil",{"_34":265,"_36":266,"_38":-7,"_40":248,"_42":267},"P(kejadian) = hasil yang diharapkan ÷ seluruh hasil yang mungkin","Nilainya selalu antara 0 dan 1. Frekuensi harapan = peluang × banyak percobaan.",{"_20":268,"_45":269},"Peluang kejadian tunggal dan frekuensi harapan","/belajar/statistika-peluang/peluang-kejadian-tunggal",{"_34":271,"_36":272,"_38":-7,"_40":248,"_42":273},"P(A atau B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A dan B)","Bagian yang beririsan dikurangi sekali, supaya tidak dihitung dua kali.",{"_20":274,"_45":275},"Kejadian saling lepas dan tidak saling lepas","/belajar/statistika-peluang/kejadian-saling-lepas",{"_34":277,"_36":278,"_38":-7,"_40":279,"_42":280},"Bunga sederhana = P × r × t","Bunga dihitung dari pokok awal saja, tidak ikut berbunga.","Bunga dan cicilan",{"_20":281,"_45":282},"Bunga sederhana","/belajar/matematika-uang/bunga-sederhana",{"_34":284,"_36":285,"_38":-7,"_40":279,"_42":286},"Nilai akhir majemuk = P × (1 + r/n)^(n×t)","n adalah berapa kali bunga ditambahkan dalam setahun. Makin sering, makin besar hasilnya.",{"_20":287,"_45":288},"Bunga majemuk dan jaraknya dari bunga sederhana","/belajar/matematika-uang/bunga-majemuk",{"_34":290,"_36":291,"_38":-7,"_40":279,"_42":292},"Angsuran = P × i ÷ (1 − (1 + i)^−n)","Rumus anuitas; i adalah bunga per periode, n jumlah periode. Di spreadsheet ini fungsi PMT.",{"_20":293,"_45":294},"Rumus anuitas","/belajar/matematika-uang/rumus-anuitas",{"_34":296,"_36":297,"_38":-7,"_40":279,"_42":298},"Total bunga = (angsuran × n) − pokok","Cara tercepat membandingkan dua tawaran dengan tenor berbeda.",{"_20":299,"_45":300},"Total bayar, harga tunai, dan tenor","/belajar/matematika-uang/total-bayar-dan-tenor",{"_34":302,"_36":303,"_38":-7,"_40":304,"_42":305},"a(b + c) = ab + ac","Sifat distributif — dasar untuk menjabarkan dan memfaktorkan kembali.","Aljabar dan fungsi",{"_20":306,"_45":307},"Mengalikan bentuk aljabar","/belajar/aljabar-dasar/mengalikan-distributif",{"_34":309,"_36":310,"_38":-7,"_40":304,"_42":311},"Yang dilakukan pada satu ruas dilakukan pada ruas lain","Itu satu-satunya aturan memindah ruas; tanda berubah karena operasinya dibalik, bukan karena hafalan.",{"_20":312,"_45":313},"Memindahkan ruas tanpa salah tanda","/belajar/aljabar-dasar/memindah-ruas",{"_34":315,"_36":316,"_38":-7,"_40":304,"_42":317},"Kali atau bagi dengan bilangan negatif membalik tanda pertidaksamaan","Satu-satunya saat arah tanda berubah. Menambah dan mengurangi tidak membalik.",{"_20":318,"_45":319},"Membalik tanda saat dikali bilangan negatif","/belajar/aljabar-dasar/membalik-tanda",{"_34":321,"_36":322,"_38":-7,"_40":304,"_42":323},"Titik puncak x = −b ÷ 2a","Sumbu simetri parabola; nilai maksimum atau minimumnya didapat dengan memasukkan x itu ke rumusnya.",{"_20":324,"_45":325},"Titik puncak dan sumbu simetri","/belajar/fungsi-grafik/titik-puncak",{"_34":327,"_36":328,"_38":-7,"_40":304,"_42":329},"Gradien = (y₂ − y₁) ÷ (x₂ − x₁)","Kemiringan garis; positif berarti naik ke kanan, nol berarti mendatar.",{"_20":330,"_45":331},"Gradien sebagai laju perubahan","/belajar/fungsi-grafik/gradien",{"_18":333,"_20":334,"_22":335,"_24":336,"_26":337,"_28":7,"_29":338,"_31":339},"rumus-bisnis-dasar","Rumus Bisnis, Akuntansi, dan Ekonomi Dasar","Harga pokok, marjin, titik impas, metrik kampanye, elastisitas, persamaan akuntansi, dan rentang kendali — rumus yang dipakai mengurus usaha dan menjawab soal, masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang menilai jawabanmu.","Bisnis","B",46,[340,348,354,360,368,375,381,387,393,399,405,412,416,420,427,433,439,446,452,458,464,470,477,483,489,495,501,507,513,521,527,534,538,544,550,556,563,569,575,581,588,592,598,604,610,616],{"_34":341,"_36":342,"_38":343,"_40":344,"_42":345},"Biaya tetap vs biaya variabel","Biaya tetap tidak berubah saat jumlah produksi berubah; biaya variabel bergerak sebanding dengannya. Biaya campuran punya kedua bagian sekaligus.","Sewa kios tetap; bahan baku variabel; listrik dengan abonemen adalah campuran.","Biaya dan harga pokok",{"_20":346,"_45":347},"Biaya tetap, biaya variabel, dan biaya campuran","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/biaya-tetap-variabel-campuran",{"_34":349,"_36":350,"_38":-7,"_40":344,"_42":351},"HPP = persediaan awal + pembelian − persediaan akhir","Harga pokok penjualan untuk usaha dagang. Yang dihitung barang yang benar-benar terjual, bukan yang dibeli.",{"_20":352,"_45":353},"Harga pokok penjualan","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/harga-pokok-penjualan",{"_34":355,"_36":356,"_38":-7,"_40":344,"_42":357},"Biaya per unit = (biaya tetap ÷ jumlah unit) + biaya variabel per unit","Bagian tetapnya mengecil saat volume naik; bagian variabelnya tidak. Itu sebabnya biaya per unit turun, bukan karena bahannya jadi murah.",{"_20":358,"_45":359},"Biaya per unit dan kenapa turun saat volume naik","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/biaya-per-unit",{"_34":361,"_36":362,"_38":363,"_40":364,"_42":365},"Markup = (jual − modal) ÷ modal · Marjin = (jual − modal) ÷ jual","Selisihnya sama, penyebutnya berbeda. Markup dibagi modal, marjin dibagi harga jual, sehingga marjin selalu lebih kecil dari markup pada barang yang sama.","Modal 60.000, jual 100.000 → markup 66,7%, marjin 40%.","Marjin dan titik impas",{"_20":366,"_45":367},"Markup dan marjin: penyebutnya berbeda","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/markup-dan-marjin",{"_34":369,"_36":370,"_38":371,"_40":364,"_42":372},"Harga impas = (modal + kemasan) ÷ (1 − persen biaya platform)","Biaya platform marketplace dipotong dari harga jual, jadi persennya tidak ditambahkan ke modal. Untuk target marjin m terhadap harga jual, pembaginya menjadi (1 − persen biaya platform − m).","Modal 18.000 + kemasan 2.000, biaya platform 10% → harga impas 20.000 ÷ 0,9 = Rp22.222.",{"_20":373,"_45":374},"Harga jual dari modal, kemasan, dan biaya platform","/belajar/jualan-online/harga-jual-dari-biaya",{"_34":376,"_36":377,"_38":-7,"_40":364,"_42":378},"Marjin kontribusi per unit = harga jual − biaya variabel per unit","Sisa tiap unit untuk menutup biaya tetap. Rasionya dibagi harga jual, bukan modal.",{"_20":379,"_45":380},"Marjin kontribusi per unit dan rasionya","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/marjin-kontribusi",{"_34":382,"_36":383,"_38":-7,"_40":364,"_42":384},"BEP unit = biaya tetap ÷ marjin kontribusi per unit","Berapa unit harus terjual sebelum usaha berhenti rugi. Dibagi marjin kontribusi, bukan harga jual.",{"_20":385,"_45":386},"Titik impas dalam unit dan dalam rupiah","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/titik-impas",{"_34":388,"_36":389,"_38":-7,"_40":364,"_42":390},"BEP dengan target laba = (biaya tetap + laba yang diinginkan) ÷ marjin kontribusi per unit","Target labanya diperlakukan seperti biaya tetap tambahan.",{"_20":391,"_45":392},"Titik impas dengan target laba","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/impas-dengan-target-laba",{"_34":394,"_36":395,"_38":-7,"_40":364,"_42":396},"Marjin keamanan = penjualan − penjualan impas","Seberapa jauh penjualan boleh turun sebelum menyentuh titik impas; dinyatakan dalam rupiah atau persen terhadap penjualan.",{"_20":397,"_45":398},"Marjin keamanan","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/marjin-keamanan",{"_34":400,"_36":401,"_38":-7,"_40":364,"_42":402},"ROI = laba ÷ modal yang ditanam · Masa balik modal = modal awal ÷ arus kas bersih per periode","Masa balik modal mengabaikan nilai waktu uang, jadi dua tawaran dengan masa balik sama belum tentu setara.",{"_20":403,"_45":404},"ROI dan masa balik modal","/belajar/hitungan-usaha/roi-dan-balik-modal",{"_34":406,"_36":407,"_38":-7,"_40":408,"_42":409},"Tingkat konversi = jumlah konversi ÷ jumlah pengunjung × 100","Bagian pengunjung yang melakukan tindakan yang diinginkan.","Angka pemasaran",{"_20":410,"_45":411},"Metrik kampanye yang bisa dihitung","/belajar/pemasaran-dasar/metrik-kampanye",{"_34":413,"_36":414,"_38":-7,"_40":408,"_42":415},"Biaya per akuisisi = belanja kampanye ÷ jumlah konversi","Rupiah yang dikeluarkan untuk satu konversi. Pembaginya konversi, bukan klik.",{"_20":410,"_45":411},{"_34":417,"_36":418,"_38":-7,"_40":408,"_42":419},"ROAS = pendapatan ÷ belanja iklan","Memakai pendapatan, bukan laba — sehingga modal barangnya belum dikurangkan dan ROAS 3 belum tentu untung.",{"_20":410,"_45":411},{"_34":421,"_36":422,"_38":423,"_40":408,"_42":424},"Engagement rate per jangkauan = interaksi ÷ jangkauan × 100","Interaksi (suka, komentar, bagikan, simpan) dibagi jumlah akun yang melihat unggahan. ER yang dibagi tayangan memakai penyebut lain, jadi keduanya tidak boleh dibandingkan.","600 interaksi dari jangkauan 8.000 akun → ER 7,5%.",{"_20":425,"_45":426},"Jangkauan, engagement rate, CTR, dan pertumbuhan pengikut","/belajar/content-creator/metrik-unggahan",{"_34":428,"_36":429,"_38":-7,"_40":408,"_42":430},"Nilai pesanan rata-rata = omzet ÷ jumlah pesanan","Dua siaran atau kampanye beromzet sama bisa berasal dari banyak pesanan kecil atau dari sedikit pesanan besar.",{"_20":431,"_45":432},"Omzet per jam dan nilai pesanan rata-rata","/belajar/live-selling/omzet-per-jam-dan-nilai-pesanan",{"_34":434,"_36":435,"_38":-7,"_40":408,"_42":436},"Pangsa pasar = penjualan kita ÷ penjualan seluruh kategori","Penjualan naik belum tentu pangsa naik: kalau pasarnya tumbuh lebih cepat, pangsanya justru turun.",{"_20":437,"_45":438},"Pasar sasaran dan pangsa pasar","/belajar/pemasaran-dasar/pasar-sasaran-dan-pangsa-pasar",{"_34":440,"_36":441,"_38":-7,"_40":442,"_42":443},"Biaya peluang = nilai alternatif terbaik yang dilepas","Bukan jumlah semua pilihan yang tidak diambil, hanya yang terbaik di antaranya.","Ekonomi",{"_20":444,"_45":445},"Biaya peluang dan cara menghitungnya","/belajar/ekonomi-dasar/biaya-peluang",{"_34":447,"_36":448,"_38":-7,"_40":442,"_42":449},"Keseimbangan pasar: Qd = Qs","Samakan kedua persamaan untuk mendapat harga keseimbangan, lalu masukkan kembali untuk mendapat jumlahnya.",{"_20":450,"_45":451},"Menghitung keseimbangan pasar dari dua persamaan","/belajar/ekonomi-dasar/keseimbangan-pasar",{"_34":453,"_36":454,"_38":-7,"_40":442,"_42":455},"Elastisitas metode titik tengah = (ΔQ ÷ rata-rata Q) ÷ (ΔP ÷ rata-rata P)","Memakai rata-rata sebagai penyebut, sehingga hasilnya sama walau arah perubahan harganya dibalik.",{"_20":456,"_45":457},"Elastisitas harga permintaan dengan metode titik tengah","/belajar/ekonomi-dasar/metode-titik-tengah",{"_34":459,"_36":460,"_38":-7,"_40":442,"_42":461},"Laju inflasi = (indeks baru − indeks lama) ÷ indeks lama × 100","Selisih dua angka indeks bukan laju inflasi; selisih itu harus dibagi indeks lamanya dulu.",{"_20":462,"_45":463},"Indeks harga dan laju inflasi dari keranjang barang","/belajar/ekonomi-dasar/indeks-harga-dan-inflasi",{"_34":465,"_36":466,"_38":-7,"_40":442,"_42":467},"PDB = C + I + G + (X − M)","Konsumsi, investasi, belanja pemerintah, dan ekspor dikurangi impor. Pembayaran alih tidak masuk.",{"_20":468,"_45":469},"PDB dan komponen sisi permintaannya","/belajar/ekonomi-dasar/pdb-dan-komponennya",{"_34":471,"_36":472,"_38":-7,"_40":473,"_42":474},"Harta = utang + modal","Persamaan akuntansi. Tiap transaksi menjaga kedua ruas tetap sama besar.","Akuntansi dan manajemen",{"_20":475,"_45":476},"Persamaan akuntansi","/belajar/akuntansi-dasar/persamaan-akuntansi",{"_34":478,"_36":479,"_38":-7,"_40":473,"_42":480},"Saldo normal: harta dan beban di debit; utang, modal, dan pendapatan di kredit","Menentukan sisi mana yang menambah sebuah akun dan sisi mana yang menguranginya.",{"_20":481,"_45":482},"Debit, kredit, dan saldo normal","/belajar/akuntansi-dasar/saldo-normal-debit-kredit",{"_34":484,"_36":485,"_38":-7,"_40":473,"_42":486},"Saldo akun di buku besar = SUMIF(kolom akun, nama akun, kolom debit) − SUMIF(…, kolom kredit)","Buku besar tidak membuat angka baru; ia hanya mengurutkan ulang jurnal menurut akun.",{"_20":487,"_45":488},"Memindahkan jurnal ke buku besar","/belajar/akuntansi-dasar/buku-besar-dengan-sumif",{"_34":490,"_36":491,"_38":-7,"_40":473,"_42":492},"Penyusutan garis lurus = (harga perolehan − nilai sisa) ÷ umur manfaat","Beban yang sama besar tiap periode selama umur manfaat yang ditetapkan di soal.",{"_20":493,"_45":494},"Jurnal penyesuaian","/belajar/akuntansi-dasar/jurnal-penyesuaian",{"_34":496,"_36":497,"_38":-7,"_40":473,"_42":498},"Rentang kendali","Banyaknya bawahan langsung satu penyelia. Rentang sempit menghasilkan struktur tinggi dengan banyak tingkat; rentang lebar menghasilkan struktur datar.",{"_20":499,"_45":500},"Rentang kendali: menghitung penyelia dan tingkat","/belajar/manajemen-dasar/rentang-kendali",{"_34":502,"_36":503,"_38":-7,"_40":473,"_42":504},"Jalur kritis = jalur terpanjang dalam jaringan kegiatan","Panjangnya menentukan durasi proyek. Kegiatan di luar jalur kritis punya kelonggaran dan boleh molor sebanyak itu tanpa menunda proyek.",{"_20":505,"_45":506},"Jalur kritis dan durasi proyek","/belajar/manajemen-dasar/jalur-kritis",{"_34":508,"_36":509,"_38":-7,"_40":473,"_42":510},"Kelonggaran = mulai paling lambat − mulai paling awal","Kegiatan di jalur kritis kelonggarannya nol.",{"_20":511,"_45":512},"Mulai paling awal, mulai paling lambat, dan kelonggaran","/belajar/manajemen-dasar/mulai-paling-awal-dan-kelonggaran",{"_34":514,"_36":515,"_38":516,"_40":517,"_42":518},"Run rate = realisasi ÷ hari kerja berjalan × hari kerja sebulan","Perkiraan penjualan akhir bulan bila kecepatan menjual tetap; dibagi target menjadi proyeksi pencapaian.","Rp90 jt ÷ 10 × 22 = Rp198 jt","Penjualan, iklan, operasi, dan usaha kecil",{"_20":519,"_45":520},"Hari kerja berjalan dan run rate","/belajar/excel-untuk-sales/hari-kerja-berjalan-dan-run-rate",{"_34":522,"_36":523,"_38":-7,"_40":517,"_42":524},"Skor pemasok = SUMPRODUCT(nilai, bobot)","Nilai tiap kriteria dikali bobotnya lalu dijumlah; bobot berjumlah 100%.",{"_20":525,"_45":526},"Skor berbobot pemasok dengan SUMPRODUCT","/belajar/excel-untuk-purchasing/skor-berbobot-pemasok",{"_34":528,"_36":529,"_38":530,"_40":517,"_42":531},"ROAS impas = 1 ÷ rasio marjin kontribusi","ROAS terendah yang membuat laba setelah iklan nol.","rasio 40% → ROAS impas 2,5",{"_20":532,"_45":533},"ROAS sasaran, MER, dan laba setelah iklan","/belajar/analitik-iklan-digital/roas-sasaran-dan-mer",{"_34":535,"_36":536,"_38":-7,"_40":517,"_42":537},"MER = omzet toko ÷ total biaya iklan semua platform","Efisiensi iklan dari catatan toko sendiri, tidak terpengaruh pesanan yang diklaim dua platform.",{"_20":532,"_45":533},{"_34":539,"_36":540,"_38":-7,"_40":517,"_42":541},"OTIF = baris tepat waktu dan lengkap ÷ semua baris pesanan","Tidak pernah lebih tinggi daripada tingkat tepat waktu maupun tingkat lengkap.",{"_20":542,"_45":543},"OTIF: tepat waktu dan lengkap","/belajar/logistik-distribusi/otif-tepat-waktu-dan-lengkap",{"_34":545,"_36":546,"_38":-7,"_40":517,"_42":547},"Kartu kanban = kebutuhan × alokasi × (lead time + hari pengaman) ÷ isi wadah + 1","Ditambah satu untuk wadah yang sedang diisi ulang; dibulatkan ke atas.",{"_20":548,"_45":549},"Menghitung jumlah kartu kanban","/belajar/lean-5s-kaizen/jumlah-kartu-kanban",{"_34":551,"_36":552,"_38":-7,"_40":517,"_42":553},"Persentase hasil = berat bersih ÷ berat beli × 100","Bagian bahan yang tersisa setelah dibersihkan; harga per kg bersih = harga beli ÷ persentase hasil.",{"_20":554,"_45":555},"Uji hasil: persentase hasil dan harga per kilogram bersih","/belajar/hpp-menu-kuliner/uji-hasil-dan-harga-bersih",{"_34":557,"_36":558,"_38":559,"_40":517,"_42":560},"Food cost % = biaya bahan per porsi ÷ harga jual","Dibalik untuk harga jual: biaya ÷ food cost sasaran.","Rp9.000 ÷ 30% = Rp30.000",{"_20":561,"_45":562},"Harga jual dari persentase biaya bahan (food cost %)","/belajar/hpp-menu-kuliner/harga-jual-dari-food-cost",{"_34":564,"_36":565,"_38":-7,"_40":517,"_42":566},"Modal akhir = modal awal + setoran + laba − prive","Uang yang diambil pemilik untuk keperluan pribadi mengurangi modal usaha, bukan biaya.",{"_20":567,"_45":568},"Harta, utang, dan modal","/belajar/pembukuan-umkm/harta-utang-dan-modal",{"_34":570,"_36":571,"_38":-7,"_40":517,"_42":572},"Margin of safety = (nilai taksiran − harga) ÷ nilai taksiran","Jarak antara nilai dan harga yang dibayar; dibagi nilai taksiran, bukan harga.",{"_20":573,"_45":574},"Margin of safety: jarak antara nilai dan harga","/belajar/perilaku-uang/margin-of-safety",{"_34":576,"_36":577,"_38":-7,"_40":517,"_42":578},"Tawar Ackerman: 65% → 85% → 95% → 100% dari harga sasaran","Urutan tawaran yang mengecil kenaikannya; tawaran terakhir berupa angka tidak bulat.",{"_20":579,"_45":580},"Tawar Ackerman: 65, 85, 95, 100 persen","/belajar/negosiasi-taktis/tawar-ackerman",{"_34":582,"_36":583,"_38":-7,"_40":584,"_42":585},"SLE = nilai aset × faktor paparan (AV × EF)","Kerugian dari satu kali kejadian risiko.","Risiko, operasi, dan tim",{"_20":586,"_45":587},"Analisis kuantitatif: SLE, ARO, dan ALE","/belajar/manajemen-risiko/analisis-kuantitatif-sle-ale",{"_34":589,"_36":590,"_38":-7,"_40":584,"_42":591},"ALE = SLE × ARO","Perkiraan kerugian setahun: kerugian sekali kejadian dikali frekuensi kejadian per tahun.",{"_20":586,"_45":587},{"_34":593,"_36":594,"_38":-7,"_40":584,"_42":595},"RPN = keparahan × kejadian × deteksi (S × O × D)","Angka prioritas risiko FMEA untuk mengurutkan mode kegagalan yang ditangani dulu.",{"_20":596,"_45":597},"FMEA dan angka prioritas risiko (RPN)","/belajar/manajemen-risiko/fmea-angka-prioritas-risiko",{"_34":599,"_36":600,"_38":-7,"_40":584,"_42":601},"Antrean M/M/1: ρ = λ ÷ μ, L = ρ ÷ (1 − ρ)","Utilisasi pelayan dan rata-rata jumlah pelanggan di sistem; antrean meledak saat ρ mendekati 1.",{"_20":602,"_45":603},"Antrean M/M/1: ρ, L, Lq, W, dan Wq","/belajar/riset-operasi-dasar/antrean-mm1",{"_34":605,"_36":606,"_38":-7,"_40":584,"_42":607},"Velocity = story point yang selesai per sprint","Aturan 0%/100%: cerita yang belum selesai dihitung nol, bukan sebagian.",{"_20":608,"_45":609},"Story point, planning poker, dan velocity","/belajar/agile-scrum/story-point-dan-velocity",{"_34":611,"_36":612,"_38":-7,"_40":584,"_42":613},"FEFO: lot dengan kedaluwarsa terdekat diambil lebih dulu","Aturan memilih lot di gudang; FIFO memakai tanggal masuk, bukan tanggal kedaluwarsa.",{"_20":614,"_45":615},"FEFO dan FIFO: aturan memilih lot","/belajar/administrasi-gudang/fefo-dan-fifo",{"_34":617,"_36":618,"_38":-7,"_40":584,"_42":619},"Piramida Carroll: ekonomi → hukum → etis → filantropis","Empat lapis tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan, dari yang wajib sampai yang diharapkan.",{"_20":620,"_45":621},"Piramida tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan","/belajar/etika-bisnis/piramida-tanggung-jawab-sosial",{"_18":623,"_20":624,"_22":625,"_24":626,"_26":627,"_28":628,"_29":629,"_31":630},"rumus-excel-kerja","Rumus Excel untuk Kerja: IF, SUMIFS, XLOOKUP, dan Lainnya","IF dan IFS, SUMIFS, IFERROR, XLOOKUP dan INDEX-MATCH, fungsi teks dan tanggal, SUMPRODUCT, FILTER dan UNIQUE — rumus Excel yang dipakai di kantor, masing-masing menaut ke latihannya. Daftar lengkap semua fungsi ada di lab Kamus Rumus Spreadsheet.","Rumus Excel","fx",true,47,[631,639,645,652,659,666,674,681,688,693,700,707,715,722,728,734,741,748,755,762,770,775,782,787,794,801,808,815,822,829,837,842,849,856,863,870,878,884,891,898,905,912,919,926,933,940,947],{"_34":632,"_36":633,"_38":634,"_40":635,"_42":636},"IF","Memilih satu dari dua hasil: hasil pertama bila syaratnya benar, hasil kedua bila salah. Teks hasil wajib di dalam tanda kutip.","=IF(B2>=70,\"Lulus\",\"Remedial\")","Logika dan percabangan",{"_20":637,"_45":638},"Memilih hasil dengan IF","/belajar/excel-dasar/memilih-hasil-dengan-if",{"_34":640,"_36":641,"_38":642,"_40":635,"_42":643},"IF bertingkat","IF di dalam IF untuk tiga hasil atau lebih. Syarat diperiksa berurutan dan berhenti di syarat pertama yang benar.","=IF(B2<=1,10000,IF(B2<=5,25000,60000))",{"_20":640,"_45":644},"/belajar/excel-logika/if-bertingkat",{"_34":646,"_36":647,"_38":648,"_40":635,"_42":649},"IFS","Pasangan syarat–hasil berurutan; yang keluar hasil dari syarat pertama yang benar. Tanpa pasangan TRUE di akhir, nilai yang tidak memenuhi syarat mana pun menjadi #N/A.","=IFS(B2<5,0,B2<17,15000,B2<60,35000,TRUE,20000)",{"_20":650,"_45":651},"Banyak syarat dengan IFS","/belajar/excel-logika/ifs",{"_34":653,"_36":654,"_38":655,"_40":635,"_42":656},"SWITCH","Mencocokkan satu nilai dengan daftar nilai pasti dan mengembalikan pasangannya. Argumen terakhir tanpa pasangan menjadi hasil bawaan.","=SWITCH(A2,\"JKT\",\"Jakarta\",\"BDG\",\"Bandung\",\"SBY\",\"Surabaya\",\"Lainnya\")",{"_20":657,"_45":658},"Memilih berdasarkan nilai pasti: SWITCH","/belajar/excel-logika/switch",{"_34":660,"_36":661,"_38":662,"_40":635,"_42":663},"AND / OR / NOT","AND benar bila semua syaratnya benar, OR benar bila salah satunya benar, NOT membalik hasilnya. Ketiganya dipakai sebagai syarat di dalam IF.","=IF(AND(B2>=C2,C2<=3),\"Disetujui\",\"Ditolak\")",{"_20":664,"_45":665},"AND, OR, dan NOT","/belajar/excel-logika/and-or-not",{"_34":667,"_36":668,"_38":669,"_40":670,"_42":671},"COUNTIF","Menghitung sel yang memenuhi satu syarat.","=COUNTIF(B2:B50,\">=\"&F1)","Menghitung dan menjumlahkan dengan syarat",{"_20":672,"_45":673},"Menghitung dengan syarat: COUNTIF","/belajar/excel-logika/countif",{"_34":675,"_36":676,"_38":677,"_40":670,"_42":678},"SUMIF","Menjumlahkan nilai pada baris yang memenuhi satu syarat. Urutannya: rentang syarat, kriteria, lalu rentang yang dijumlahkan.","=SUMIF(A2:A40,\"Transport\",C2:C40)",{"_20":679,"_45":680},"SUMIF dan AVERAGEIF","/belajar/excel-logika/sumif-dan-averageif",{"_34":682,"_36":683,"_38":684,"_40":670,"_42":685},"COUNTIFS","Menghitung baris yang memenuhi semua pasangan rentang–kriteria sekaligus.","=COUNTIFS(B2:B100,\"Jak*\",C2:C100,\">1000000\")",{"_20":686,"_45":687},"Banyak syarat: COUNTIFS dan SUMIFS","/belajar/excel-logika/countifs-dan-sumifs",{"_34":689,"_36":690,"_38":691,"_40":670,"_42":692},"SUMIFS","SUMIF untuk banyak syarat, tetapi rentang yang dijumlahkan ditulis paling depan. Rentang tanggal ditulis sebagai dua syarat pada kolom yang sama.","=SUMIFS(C2:C100,B2:B100,\"Bandung\",A2:A100,\">=\"&DATE(2026,3,1),A2:A100,\"<\"&DATE(2026,4,1))",{"_20":686,"_45":687},{"_34":694,"_36":695,"_38":696,"_40":670,"_42":697},"AVERAGEIFS / MAXIFS / MINIFS","Rata-rata, nilai terbesar, dan nilai terkecil dari baris yang memenuhi beberapa syarat. Susunan argumennya sama dengan SUMIFS.","=MAXIFS(D2:D60,B2:B60,\"Medan\",C2:C60,\">=6\")",{"_20":698,"_45":699},"Rata-rata dan nilai ekstrem bersyarat: AVERAGEIFS, MAXIFS, MINIFS","/belajar/excel-logika/averageifs-maxifs-minifs",{"_34":701,"_36":702,"_38":703,"_40":670,"_42":704},"Wildcard \"*\" dan \"?\"","Di kriteria COUNTIF, SUMIF, dan VLOOKUP, tanda * mewakili berapa pun karakter dan ? tepat satu karakter.","=COUNTIF($J$2:$J$40,\"Toko ?\")",{"_20":705,"_45":706},"Mencari dengan wildcard","/belajar/excel-lookup/lookup-wildcard",{"_34":708,"_36":709,"_38":710,"_40":711,"_42":712},"VLOOKUP(…, FALSE)","Mencari kode di kolom pertama tabel lalu mengambil nilai dari kolom ke-n di kanannya. FALSE berarti harus sama persis; tanpa FALSE, Excel memakai pencocokan perkiraan.","=VLOOKUP(A2,$J$2:$L$50,3,FALSE)","Mencari data dan menangkap #N/A",{"_20":713,"_45":714},"VLOOKUP dengan pencocokan persis","/belajar/excel-lookup/vlookup",{"_34":716,"_36":717,"_38":718,"_40":711,"_42":719},"VLOOKUP(…, TRUE)","Pencocokan perkiraan untuk tabel batas bawah — bonus, diskon, predikat: diambil baris dengan batas terbesar yang tidak melebihi nilainya. Kolom pertama wajib urut naik.","=VLOOKUP(B2,$J$2:$K$4,2,TRUE)",{"_20":720,"_45":721},"VLOOKUP pencocokan perkiraan untuk tabel bertingkat","/belajar/excel-lookup/vlookup-tabel-bertingkat",{"_34":723,"_36":724,"_38":725,"_40":711,"_42":726},"XLOOKUP","Mencari di satu kolom dan mengambil dari kolom mana pun, termasuk yang di sebelah kiri. Tidak perlu menghitung nomor kolom.","=XLOOKUP(A2,$K$2:$K$30,$J$2:$J$30)",{"_20":723,"_45":727},"/belajar/excel-lookup/xlookup",{"_34":729,"_36":730,"_38":731,"_40":711,"_42":732},"XLOOKUP: if_not_found dan match_mode","Argumen keempat adalah hasil bila nilai tidak ditemukan. Argumen kelima memilih cara mencocokkan: 0 persis, -1 persis atau lebih kecil berikutnya, 1 persis atau lebih besar berikutnya, 2 wildcard.","=XLOOKUP(A2,$J$2:$J$4,$K$2:$K$4,\"Di luar golongan\",1)",{"_20":729,"_45":733},"/belajar/excel-lookup/xlookup-if-not-found-dan-match-mode",{"_34":735,"_36":736,"_38":737,"_40":711,"_42":738},"INDEX + MATCH","MATCH(…, 0) mencari posisi; INDEX mengambil nilai di posisi itu. Dua MATCH — satu untuk baris, satu untuk kolom — membaca tabel dua arah.","=INDEX($B$2:$D$4,MATCH(\"Minibus\",$A$2:$A$4,0),MATCH(\"Mingguan\",$B$1:$D$1,0))",{"_20":739,"_45":740},"INDEX dan MATCH, satu dan dua arah","/belajar/excel-lookup/index-match",{"_34":742,"_36":743,"_38":744,"_40":711,"_42":745},"XLOOKUP(1, (…)*(…), …)","Mencari dengan dua kriteria: perkalian dua perbandingan bernilai 1 hanya di baris yang cocok pada kedua kolom.","=XLOOKUP(1,($J$2:$J$20=A2)*($K$2:$K$20=B2),$L$2:$L$20,\"Kosong\")",{"_20":746,"_45":747},"Mencari dengan dua kriteria","/belajar/excel-lookup/lookup-dua-kriteria",{"_34":749,"_36":750,"_38":751,"_40":711,"_42":752},"IFERROR","Mengganti galat apa pun — #N/A, #DIV/0!, #VALUE! — dengan nilai pilihan. Galat yang menandakan rumus salah ikut tersembunyi.","=IFERROR(AVERAGEIF($A$2:$A$50,E2,$B$2:$B$50),0)",{"_20":753,"_45":754},"Menangkap kesalahan: IFERROR dan IFNA","/belajar/excel-logika/iferror-dan-ifna",{"_34":756,"_36":757,"_38":758,"_40":711,"_42":759},"IFNA","Hanya menangkap #N/A, yaitu nilai yang tidak ditemukan, sehingga galat lain tetap terlihat.","=IFNA(VLOOKUP(A2,$H$2:$I$80,2,FALSE),\"Bukan anggota\")",{"_20":760,"_45":761},"Membaca #N/A: IFNA, IFERROR, dan ISNA","/belajar/excel-lookup/iferror-dan-ifna",{"_34":763,"_36":764,"_38":765,"_40":766,"_42":767},"LEFT / RIGHT / MID","Mengambil sejumlah karakter dari kiri, dari kanan, atau mulai dari posisi tertentu.","=MID(A2,4,4)","Teks",{"_20":768,"_45":769},"Memotong teks: LEFT, RIGHT, MID, LEN","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/left-right-mid-len",{"_34":771,"_36":772,"_38":773,"_40":766,"_42":774},"LEN","Menghitung panjang teks, spasi ikut dihitung.","=LEN(A2)",{"_20":768,"_45":769},{"_34":776,"_36":777,"_38":778,"_40":766,"_42":779},"TRIM","Membuang spasi di awal dan akhir teks serta memadatkan spasi ganda di tengah menjadi satu. Kode yang tampak sama tetapi gagal dicari VLOOKUP sering hanya butuh TRIM.","=VLOOKUP(TRIM(A2),$F$2:$H$7,2,FALSE)",{"_20":780,"_45":781},"Merapikan nama: TRIM, PROPER, UPPER, LOWER","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/trim-proper-upper-lower",{"_34":783,"_36":784,"_38":785,"_40":766,"_42":786},"PROPER / UPPER / LOWER","Menyeragamkan huruf: huruf awal tiap kata kapital, semua kapital, atau semua kecil.","=PROPER(TRIM(A2))",{"_20":780,"_45":781},{"_34":788,"_36":789,"_38":790,"_40":766,"_42":791},"FIND / SEARCH","Posisi sebuah teks di dalam teks lain. FIND membedakan huruf besar dan kecil; SEARCH tidak, dan menerima wildcard.","=LEFT(A2,FIND(\",\",A2)-1)",{"_20":792,"_45":793},"Mencari posisi teks: FIND dan SEARCH","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/find-dan-search",{"_34":795,"_36":796,"_38":797,"_40":766,"_42":798},"SUBSTITUTE","Mengganti teks tertentu dengan teks lain. Argumen keempat memilih kemunculan ke berapa yang diganti.","=SUBSTITUTE(A2,\"-\",\"\")",{"_20":799,"_45":800},"Mengganti teks: SUBSTITUTE","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/substitute",{"_34":802,"_36":803,"_38":804,"_40":766,"_42":805},"& / CONCAT / TEXTJOIN","Menggabungkan teks. TEXTJOIN menyisipkan pemisah dan melewati sel kosong bila argumen keduanya TRUE.","=TEXTJOIN(\", \",TRUE,A2:C2)",{"_20":806,"_45":807},"Menggabungkan teks: &, CONCAT, dan TEXTJOIN","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/menggabungkan-teks",{"_34":809,"_36":810,"_38":811,"_40":766,"_42":812},"VALUE","Mengubah angka yang tersimpan sebagai teks, misalnya hasil impor, menjadi angka yang bisa dihitung.","=VALUE(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(A2,\"Rp\",\"\"),\".\",\"\"))",{"_20":813,"_45":814},"Membersihkan data impor: LEN, TRIM, dan VALUE","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/membersihkan-angka-teks",{"_34":816,"_36":817,"_38":818,"_40":766,"_42":819},"TEXTBEFORE / TEXTAFTER","Mengambil teks sebelum atau sesudah sebuah pemisah. Angka negatif menghitung pemisahnya dari kanan.","=TEXTAFTER(D2,\"/\",-1)",{"_20":820,"_45":821},"Memisah dengan pemisah: TEXTBEFORE dan TEXTAFTER","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/textbefore-textafter",{"_34":823,"_36":824,"_38":825,"_40":766,"_42":826},"TEXT","Mengubah angka atau tanggal menjadi teks berformat. Kode [$-421] menampilkan nama hari dan bulan dalam bahasa Indonesia.","=TEXT(A2,\"[$-421]dddd, d mmmm yyyy\")",{"_20":827,"_45":828},"Menampilkan tanggal sebagai teks: TEXT","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/text-format-tanggal",{"_34":830,"_36":831,"_38":832,"_40":833,"_42":834},"DATE / YEAR / MONTH / DAY","Membentuk tanggal dari tahun, bulan, dan hari, atau mengambil bagian-bagiannya dari sebuah tanggal.","=DATE(2027,1,1)","Tanggal",{"_20":835,"_45":836},"Membaca dan membentuk tanggal: DATE, YEAR, MONTH, DAY, EOMONTH","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/date-year-month-day",{"_34":838,"_36":839,"_38":840,"_40":833,"_42":841},"EOMONTH","Tanggal akhir bulan, digeser sejumlah bulan. EOMONTH(…, -1)+1 memberi tanggal 1 di bulan yang sama.","=EOMONTH(B2,-1)+1",{"_20":835,"_45":836},{"_34":843,"_36":844,"_38":845,"_40":833,"_42":846},"WEEKDAY","Nomor hari dalam minggu. Dengan jenis 2, Senin = 1 sampai Minggu = 7, sehingga >5 berarti akhir pekan.","=IF(WEEKDAY(A2,2)>5,\"Libur\",\"Masuk\")",{"_20":847,"_45":848},"Hari dalam minggu: WEEKDAY","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/weekday",{"_34":850,"_36":851,"_38":852,"_40":833,"_42":853},"DATEDIF","Selisih dua tanggal dalam tahun penuh (\"Y\") atau sisa bulan sesudahnya (\"YM\"). Tidak muncul di daftar saran fungsi, tetapi tetap bekerja bila diketik lengkap.","=DATEDIF(C2,$H$1,\"Y\")&\" tahun \"&DATEDIF(C2,$H$1,\"YM\")&\" bulan\"",{"_20":854,"_45":855},"Masa kerja dan umur: DATEDIF satuan Y dan YM","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/masa-kerja-rinci",{"_34":857,"_36":858,"_38":859,"_40":833,"_42":860},"NETWORKDAYS","Jumlah hari kerja Senin–Jumat di antara dua tanggal, kedua ujungnya ikut dihitung. Argumen ketiga adalah daftar tanggal libur.","=NETWORKDAYS(DATE(2026,8,1),DATE(2026,8,31))",{"_20":861,"_45":862},"Selisih tanggal: DATEDIF dan NETWORKDAYS","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/datedif-dan-networkdays",{"_34":864,"_36":865,"_38":866,"_40":833,"_42":867},"WORKDAY","Tanggal setelah sejumlah hari kerja, melewati akhir pekan dan daftar libur.","=WORKDAY(A2,5,$H$2:$H$4)",{"_20":868,"_45":869},"Hari kerja dengan libur: WORKDAY dan NETWORKDAYS","/belajar/excel-teks-tanggal/workday-dan-libur",{"_34":871,"_36":872,"_38":873,"_40":874,"_42":875},"SUMPRODUCT","Mengalikan larik berpasangan lalu menjumlahkan hasilnya: total berbobot, atau total bersyarat tanpa kolom bantu bila syaratnya ikut dikalikan.","=SUMPRODUCT((B2:B90=\"Gudang\")*(MONTH(A2:A90)=5)*D2:D90)","Rekap, peringkat, dan pembulatan",{"_20":876,"_45":877},"SUMPRODUCT: bobot dan syarat ganda","/belajar/excel-rekap/sumproduct",{"_34":879,"_36":880,"_38":881,"_40":874,"_42":882},"SUBTOTAL","Total yang tidak ikut menjumlahkan SUBTOTAL lain di rentangnya. Kode 9 menjumlahkan; 109 juga mengabaikan baris yang disembunyikan.","=SUBTOTAL(9,C2:C30)",{"_20":879,"_45":883},"/belajar/excel-rekap/subtotal",{"_34":885,"_36":886,"_38":887,"_40":874,"_42":888},"RANK.EQ","Peringkat sebuah nilai di daftarnya: 0 membuat nilai terbesar peringkat 1, angka 1 membuat nilai terkecil peringkat 1. Nilai kembar berbagi peringkat.","=RANK.EQ(B2,$B$2:$B$6,0)",{"_20":889,"_45":890},"Peringkat dengan RANK.EQ","/belajar/excel-rekap/rank-eq",{"_34":892,"_36":893,"_38":894,"_40":874,"_42":895},"LARGE / SMALL","Nilai terbesar atau terkecil ke-n; dipasangkan dengan INDEX dan MATCH untuk mengambil namanya.","=LARGE($B$2:$B$40,D2)",{"_20":896,"_45":897},"Top-N dengan LARGE dan SMALL","/belajar/excel-rekap/large-dan-small",{"_34":899,"_36":900,"_38":901,"_40":874,"_42":902},"ROUND / ROUNDUP / MROUND","Membulatkan Rupiah. Digit negatif membulatkan ke ratusan atau ribuan, ROUNDUP selalu ke atas, MROUND ke kelipatan terdekat.","=MROUND(7260,500)",{"_20":903,"_45":904},"Pembulatan Rupiah: ROUND, ROUNDUP, dan MROUND","/belajar/excel-rekap/pembulatan-rupiah",{"_34":906,"_36":907,"_38":-7,"_40":908,"_42":909},"#SPILL!","Area tumpahan terhalang sel yang sudah berisi, walau isinya hanya spasi. Kosongkan sel itu atau pindahkan rumusnya.","Larik dinamis",{"_20":910,"_45":911},"Rumus larik dan tumpahan (spill)","/belajar/excel-larik-dinamis/rumus-larik-dan-spill",{"_34":913,"_36":914,"_38":915,"_40":908,"_42":916},"FILTER","Mengambil baris yang memenuhi syarat. Dua syarat yang dikalikan berarti keduanya harus benar; argumen ketiga mengisi hasil bila tidak ada baris yang cocok.","=FILTER(A2:C5,(B2:B5=\"Pagi\")*(C2:C5>=70))",{"_20":917,"_45":918},"Menyaring baris dengan FILTER","/belajar/excel-larik-dinamis/filter",{"_34":920,"_36":921,"_38":922,"_40":908,"_42":923},"UNIQUE","Daftar nilai tanpa kembar. Sebagai kriteria COUNTIF atau SUMIF, satu rumus merekap semua kategori sekaligus.","=SUMIF(A2:A7,UNIQUE(A2:A7),B2:B7)",{"_20":924,"_45":925},"UNIQUE dan rekap per kategori","/belajar/excel-larik-dinamis/unique-rekap",{"_34":927,"_36":928,"_38":929,"_40":908,"_42":930},"SORT / SORTBY","SORT mengurutkan menurut nomor kolom (1 naik, -1 turun); SORTBY mengurutkan menurut kolom lain dan menerima beberapa kunci.","=SORTBY(A2:A5,B2:B5,1,C2:C5,-1)",{"_20":931,"_45":932},"Mengurutkan dengan SORT dan SORTBY","/belajar/excel-larik-dinamis/sort-sortby",{"_34":934,"_36":935,"_38":936,"_40":908,"_42":937},"SEQUENCE","Deret angka dengan argumen: banyak baris, banyak kolom, nilai awal, dan langkah.","=SEQUENCE(4,1,0,3)",{"_20":938,"_45":939},"Deret angka dan tanggal dengan SEQUENCE","/belajar/excel-larik-dinamis/sequence",{"_34":941,"_36":942,"_38":943,"_40":908,"_42":944},"TAKE / DROP / CHOOSECOLS / VSTACK","Mengambil n baris pertama, membuang n baris, memilih kolom tertentu, atau menumpuk dua tabel menjadi satu.","=TAKE(SORT(A2:C6,3,-1),2)",{"_20":945,"_45":946},"Memotong dan menggabung larik: TAKE, DROP, CHOOSECOLS, VSTACK","/belajar/excel-larik-dinamis/take-drop-choosecols-vstack",{"_34":948,"_36":949,"_38":950,"_40":908,"_42":951},"LET","Memberi nama pada bagian rumus supaya dihitung sekali dan rumus panjang tetap terbaca.","=LET(n,B2:B7,rata,AVERAGE(n),SUM(--(n>rata)))",{"_20":952,"_45":953},"LET dan XLOOKUP beberapa kolom","/belajar/excel-larik-dinamis/let-xlookup-beberapa-kolom",{"_18":955,"_20":956,"_22":957,"_24":958,"_26":959,"_28":628,"_29":960,"_31":961},"rumus-google-sheets","Rumus Google Sheets: QUERY, ARRAYFORMULA, IMPORTRANGE","Rumus Google Sheets dari SUM, COUNTIF, dan VLOOKUP sampai fungsi yang tidak ada di Excel — QUERY, ARRAYFORMULA, IMPORTRANGE, SPLIT, COUNTUNIQUE — masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang menilai jawabanmu.","Google Sheets","GS",24,[962,970,975,982,989,994,1000,1003,1007,1014,1018,1024,1029,1037,1042,1050,1054,1059,1064,1069,1073,1077,1081,1089],{"_34":963,"_36":964,"_38":965,"_40":966,"_42":967},"Tanggal − tanggal","Tanggal di Sheets adalah angka hari, jadi pengurangan dua tanggal memberi jumlah hari dan tanggal + angka memberi tanggal lain.","=C2-B2","Rumus dasar",{"_20":968,"_45":969},"Angka, teks, tanggal, dan pengaturan lokal Indonesia","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/angka-teks-tanggal-dan-lokal-indonesia",{"_34":971,"_36":972,"_38":973,"_40":966,"_42":974},"&","Menggabungkan teks. Tanda + untuk teks memunculkan #VALUE!.","=\"RT \"&A2",{"_20":968,"_45":969},{"_34":976,"_36":977,"_38":978,"_40":966,"_42":979},"$F$1","Referensi absolut: alamat yang dikunci tidak bergeser saat rumus disalin ke baris lain.","=C2*$F$1",{"_20":980,"_45":981},"Referensi relatif dan absolut","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/referensi-relatif-dan-absolut",{"_34":983,"_36":984,"_38":985,"_40":966,"_42":986},"SUM / AVERAGE / MIN / MAX","Jumlah, rata-rata, nilai terkecil, dan nilai terbesar dari satu rentang. Sel kosong dan teks dilewati.","=AVERAGE(C2:C7)",{"_20":987,"_45":988},"SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, dan COUNT","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/sum-average-min-max-count",{"_34":990,"_36":991,"_38":992,"_40":966,"_42":993},"COUNT / COUNTA","COUNT menghitung sel berisi angka; COUNTA menghitung semua sel yang terisi, termasuk teks.","=COUNT(C2:C7)",{"_20":987,"_45":988},{"_34":632,"_36":995,"_38":996,"_40":966,"_42":997},"Memberi keterangan berdasarkan satu syarat: hasil pertama bila benar, hasil kedua bila salah.","=IF(C2>=2,\"Penuh\",\"Sebagian\")",{"_20":998,"_45":999},"COUNTIF, SUMIF, dan IF","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/countif-sumif-dan-if",{"_34":667,"_36":668,"_38":1001,"_40":966,"_42":1002},"=COUNTIF(B2:B9,\"Hadir\")",{"_20":998,"_45":999},{"_34":675,"_36":1004,"_38":1005,"_40":966,"_42":1006},"Menjumlahkan nilai pada baris yang memenuhi satu syarat; rentang yang dijumlahkan ditulis terakhir.","=SUMIF(B2:B9,\"Hadir\",C2:C9)",{"_20":998,"_45":999},{"_34":708,"_36":1008,"_38":1009,"_40":1010,"_42":1011},"Mengambil nilai dari tabel rujukan berdasarkan kode di kolom pertamanya. FALSE berarti kodenya harus sama persis.","=VLOOKUP(A2,$F$2:$G$6,2,FALSE)","Mencari dan menyaring",{"_20":1012,"_45":1013},"Mengambil data dari tabel lain dengan VLOOKUP","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/mengambil-data-dengan-vlookup",{"_34":749,"_36":1015,"_38":1016,"_40":1010,"_42":1017},"Mengganti galat, misalnya #N/A dari kode yang tidak ada, dengan nilai pilihan.","=IFERROR(VLOOKUP(A2,$F$2:$G$6,2,FALSE),\"Tidak ada\")",{"_20":1012,"_45":1013},{"_34":913,"_36":1019,"_38":1020,"_40":1010,"_42":1021},"Mengambil baris yang memenuhi syarat dan menumpahkannya ke bawah, tanpa mengubah tabel asal.","=FILTER(A2:A9,C2:C9=0)",{"_20":1022,"_45":1023},"Mengurutkan dan memfilter data","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/mengurutkan-dan-memfilter",{"_34":1025,"_36":1026,"_38":1027,"_40":1010,"_42":1028},"SORT","Salinan tabel yang terurut menurut satu nomor kolom: TRUE naik, FALSE turun. Urutan data aslinya tidak berubah.","=SORT(A2:C9,3,FALSE)",{"_20":1022,"_45":1023},{"_34":1030,"_36":1031,"_38":1032,"_40":1033,"_42":1034},"QUERY(data, kueri, header)","Menjalankan kueri bergaya SQL atas satu rentang dan menumpahkan hasilnya sebagai tabel baru. Argumen header adalah jumlah baris judul, bukan TRUE atau FALSE.","=QUERY(A1:D20,\"select B, D where C='Sarana'\",1)","QUERY",{"_20":1035,"_45":1036},"QUERY: menyaring dan meringkas dengan bahasa kueri","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/query-bahasa-kueri-di-dalam-sel",{"_34":1038,"_36":1039,"_38":1040,"_40":1033,"_42":1041},"select … group by … order by","Mengelompokkan dan meringkas dalam satu rumus: tiap kategori muncul sekali beserta totalnya, terurut.","=QUERY(A1:D20,\"select C, sum(D) where D>0 group by C order by sum(D) desc\",1)",{"_20":1035,"_45":1036},{"_34":1043,"_36":1044,"_38":1045,"_40":1046,"_42":1047},"ARRAYFORMULA","Membuat satu rumus berlaku untuk seluruh rentang, misalnya IF atas satu kolom penuh. Ctrl+Shift+Enter saat menyunting rumus menambahkannya.","=ARRAYFORMULA(IF(C2:C50>=50000,\"Lunas\",\"Belum\"))","Fungsi larik khas Google",{"_20":1048,"_45":1049},"ARRAYFORMULA dan fungsi larik khas Google","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/arrayformula-dan-fungsi-larik-google",{"_34":920,"_36":1051,"_38":1052,"_40":1046,"_42":1053},"Daftar nilai tanpa kembar, tumpah ke bawah.","=UNIQUE(B2:B50)",{"_20":1048,"_45":1049},{"_34":1055,"_36":1056,"_38":1057,"_40":1046,"_42":1058},"COUNTUNIQUE","Banyaknya nilai berbeda dalam satu angka, tanpa membuat daftar UNIQUE lebih dulu.","=COUNTUNIQUE(A2:A201)",{"_20":1048,"_45":1049},{"_34":1060,"_36":1061,"_38":1062,"_40":1046,"_42":1063},"SPLIT","Memecah satu teks menjadi beberapa sel di baris yang sama. Tiap huruf pemisah dihitung sendiri kecuali argumen ketiga FALSE.","=SPLIT(A2,\";\")",{"_20":1048,"_45":1049},{"_34":1065,"_36":1066,"_38":1067,"_40":1046,"_42":1068},"JOIN","Kebalikan SPLIT: menyambung isi larik satu dimensi menjadi satu teks dengan pemisah.","=JOIN(\", \",A2:A6)",{"_20":1048,"_45":1049},{"_34":1070,"_36":1071,"_38":-7,"_40":1046,"_42":1072},"FLATTEN","Menumpuk nilai dari satu atau beberapa rentang menjadi satu kolom; sel kosong ikut terbawa.",{"_20":1048,"_45":1049},{"_34":1074,"_36":1075,"_38":-7,"_40":1046,"_42":1076},"SORTN","n baris teratas setelah diurutkan; tanpa argumen n, yang keluar hanya satu baris.",{"_20":1048,"_45":1049},{"_34":1078,"_36":1079,"_38":-7,"_40":1046,"_42":1080},"SPARKLINE","Grafik mini di dalam satu sel; opsi charttype menerima line, bar, column, dan winloss.",{"_20":1048,"_45":1049},{"_34":1082,"_36":1083,"_38":1084,"_40":1085,"_42":1086},"IMPORTRANGE","Menarik rentang dari spreadsheet lain. URL dan rentang ditulis sebagai teks; tanpa nama sheet, yang ditarik sheet pertama.","=IMPORTRANGE(\"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/abcd123abcd123\",\"Kas!A1:F30\")","Antar-spreadsheet",{"_20":1087,"_45":1088},"IMPORTRANGE: menyambung dua spreadsheet dan izinnya","/belajar/google-sheets-dasar/importrange-dan-izin-antar-spreadsheet",{"_34":1090,"_36":1091,"_38":-7,"_40":1085,"_42":1092},"#REF! di IMPORTRANGE","Sambungan pertama ke sumber baru menunggu izin: tekan Izinkan akses di pesan selnya. Membungkusnya dengan IFERROR ikut menyembunyikan pesan itu.",{"_20":1087,"_45":1088},{"_18":1094,"_20":1095,"_22":1096,"_24":1097,"_26":1098,"_28":628,"_29":1099,"_31":1100},"query-sql","Contekan Query SQL dari SELECT sampai Window Function","SELECT, WHERE, LIKE, GROUP BY dan HAVING, JOIN, CASE WHEN, subkueri, CTE, fungsi tanggal, dan window function — klausa SQL yang dipakai menyusun laporan, masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang menjalankan kuerimu.","SQL","DB",38,[1101,1109,1115,1122,1129,1134,1142,1149,1156,1161,1168,1175,1183,1190,1197,1204,1211,1218,1226,1233,1239,1245,1251,1259,1266,1273,1280,1287,1294,1302,1306,1313,1318,1326,1330,1334,1341,1348],{"_34":1102,"_36":1103,"_38":1104,"_40":1105,"_42":1106},"SELECT * FROM tabel","Mengambil semua kolom dan semua baris satu tabel.","SELECT * FROM produk;","Mengambil kolom",{"_20":1107,"_45":1108},"SELECT: mengambil isi tabel","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/select-semua-kolom",{"_34":14,"_36":1110,"_38":1111,"_40":1105,"_42":1112},"Mengambil kolom tertentu saja; urutan kolom di hasil mengikuti urutan penulisannya.","SELECT nama, kota FROM pelanggan;",{"_20":1113,"_45":1114},"Memilih kolom tertentu","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/memilih-kolom",{"_34":1116,"_36":1117,"_38":1118,"_40":1105,"_42":1119},"AS","Memberi nama lain pada kolom hasil. Nama kolom di tabel asalnya tidak berubah.","SELECT nama AS pelanggan FROM pelanggan;",{"_20":1120,"_45":1121},"Mengganti nama kolom dengan AS","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/mengganti-nama-kolom-as",{"_34":1123,"_36":1124,"_38":1125,"_40":1105,"_42":1126},"DISTINCT","Membuang baris hasil yang sama persis. Yang dibandingkan seluruh baris hasil, bukan satu kolom saja.","SELECT DISTINCT status FROM pesanan;",{"_20":1127,"_45":1128},"DISTINCT dan LIMIT","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/distinct-dan-limit",{"_34":1130,"_36":1131,"_38":1132,"_40":1105,"_42":1133},"LIMIT n","Membatasi jumlah baris yang dikembalikan; ditulis paling akhir.","SELECT * FROM produk LIMIT 3;",{"_20":1127,"_45":1128},{"_34":1135,"_36":1136,"_38":1137,"_40":1138,"_42":1139},"WHERE = <> < > <= >=","Menyisakan baris yang syaratnya benar. Angka ditulis tanpa pemisah ribuan.","SELECT nama, stok FROM produk WHERE stok < 50;","Menyaring baris",{"_20":1140,"_45":1141},"WHERE dengan perbandingan","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/where-perbandingan",{"_34":1143,"_36":1144,"_38":1145,"_40":1138,"_42":1146},"AND / OR","AND menuntut semua syarat, OR cukup salah satunya. AND diperiksa lebih dulu; tanda kurung memaksa urutan lain.","WHERE kota = 'Jakarta' OR kota = 'Bandung'",{"_20":1147,"_45":1148},"Teks, AND, dan OR","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/where-teks-and-or",{"_34":1150,"_36":1151,"_38":1152,"_40":1138,"_42":1153},"LIKE","Mencocokkan pola teks: % berarti nol karakter atau lebih, _ tepat satu karakter.","WHERE nama LIKE 'Pulpen%'",{"_20":1154,"_45":1155},"LIKE dan IN","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/like-dan-in",{"_34":1157,"_36":1158,"_38":1159,"_40":1138,"_42":1160},"IN (…)","Benar bila nilainya sama dengan salah satu isi daftar; pengganti beberapa = yang digabung OR.","WHERE kota IN ('Medan', 'Makassar')",{"_20":1154,"_45":1155},{"_34":1162,"_36":1163,"_38":1164,"_40":1138,"_42":1165},"BETWEEN a AND b","Rentang nilai dengan kedua batas ikut terhitung. Batas kecil ditulis lebih dulu, atau hasilnya kosong.","WHERE stok BETWEEN 20 AND 60",{"_20":1166,"_45":1167},"BETWEEN dan IS NULL","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/between-dan-is-null",{"_34":1169,"_36":1170,"_38":1171,"_40":1138,"_42":1172},"IS NULL / IS NOT NULL","Memeriksa sel yang belum terisi. Syarat = NULL tidak pernah benar, sehingga hasilnya selalu kosong.","WHERE kota IS NULL",{"_20":1173,"_45":1174},"NULL: nilai yang belum ada","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/null-dan-is-null",{"_34":1176,"_36":1177,"_38":1178,"_40":1179,"_42":1180},"ORDER BY … DESC","Mengurutkan hasil. ASC (kecil ke besar) berlaku bila arahnya tidak ditulis; DESC dari besar ke kecil.","ORDER BY stok DESC","Mengurutkan dan meringkas",{"_20":1181,"_45":1182},"Mengurutkan dengan ORDER BY","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/order-by",{"_34":1184,"_36":1185,"_38":1186,"_40":1179,"_42":1187},"ORDER BY a ASC, b DESC","Kolom kedua hanya mengurutkan baris yang nilai kolom pertamanya sama. Tiap kolom punya arahnya sendiri.","ORDER BY kota ASC, nama DESC",{"_20":1188,"_45":1189},"ORDER BY dengan dua kolom","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/order-by-dua-kolom",{"_34":1191,"_36":1192,"_38":1193,"_40":1179,"_42":1194},"COUNT / SUM / AVG / MIN / MAX","Meringkas banyak baris menjadi satu nilai. Tanpa GROUP BY, hasilnya selalu satu baris.","SELECT MIN(harga), MAX(harga), AVG(harga) FROM produk;",{"_20":1195,"_45":1196},"COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/fungsi-agregat",{"_34":1198,"_36":1199,"_38":1200,"_40":1179,"_42":1201},"COUNT(*) vs COUNT(kolom)","COUNT(*) menghitung semua baris; COUNT(kolom) hanya yang kolomnya terisi. Selisihnya adalah jumlah sel kosong.","SELECT COUNT(*) AS baris, COUNT(kota) AS kota_terisi FROM pelanggan;",{"_20":1202,"_45":1203},"Agregat pada kolom yang ada kosongnya","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/agregat-dan-nilai-kosong",{"_34":1205,"_36":1206,"_38":1207,"_40":1179,"_42":1208},"GROUP BY","Memecah baris menjadi kelompok dan menghitung agregat per kelompok: satu baris hasil per kelompok.","SELECT kota, COUNT(*) FROM pelanggan GROUP BY kota;",{"_20":1209,"_45":1210},"Mengelompokkan dengan GROUP BY","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/group-by",{"_34":1212,"_36":1213,"_38":1214,"_40":1179,"_42":1215},"HAVING","Menyaring kelompok sesudah agregatnya dihitung; WHERE menyaring baris sebelum dikelompokkan.","GROUP BY kota HAVING COUNT(*) >= 2",{"_20":1216,"_45":1217},"Menyaring kelompok dengan HAVING","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/having",{"_34":1219,"_36":1220,"_38":1221,"_40":1222,"_42":1223},"JOIN … ON","Memasangkan baris dua tabel menurut syarat ON. JOIN tanpa keterangan berarti INNER JOIN: baris tanpa pasangan tidak ikut.","FROM pesanan JOIN pelanggan ON pelanggan.id = pesanan.pelanggan_id","Menggabungkan tabel",{"_20":1224,"_45":1225},"INNER JOIN","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/inner-join",{"_34":1227,"_36":1228,"_38":1229,"_40":1222,"_42":1230},"FROM tabel AS t","Alias tabel: nama pendek yang berlaku selama kueri. Dua alias untuk satu tabel menghasilkan self-join.","FROM produk AS a JOIN produk AS b ON b.kategori = a.kategori AND b.harga > a.harga",{"_20":1231,"_45":1232},"Alias tabel dan self-join","/belajar/sql-query-dasar/alias-tabel-dan-self-join",{"_34":1234,"_36":1235,"_38":1236,"_40":1222,"_42":1237},"LEFT JOIN","Menahan semua baris tabel kiri dan mengisi kolom tabel kanan dengan NULL bila pasangannya tidak ada — jawaban untuk pertanyaan \"mana yang belum pernah\".","FROM produk LEFT JOIN detail_pesanan ON detail_pesanan.produk_id = produk.id",{"_20":1234,"_45":1238},"/belajar/sql-query-dasar/left-join",{"_34":1240,"_36":1241,"_38":-7,"_40":1222,"_42":1242},"UNION ALL","Menumpuk hasil beberapa SELECT berkolom sama menjadi satu; di SQLite dipakai sebagai padanan ROLLUP untuk subtotal dan total.",{"_20":1243,"_45":1244},"Subtotal dan total ala ROLLUP","/belajar/sql-gudang-data/subtotal-dan-rollup",{"_34":1246,"_36":1247,"_38":-7,"_40":1222,"_42":1248},"INSERT INTO … SELECT","Menyisipkan hasil sebuah SELECT ke tabel lain, misalnya baris staging yang belum ada di tabel dimensi.",{"_20":1249,"_45":1250},"ETL: staging, transformasi, dan INSERT…SELECT","/belajar/sql-gudang-data/etl-staging-dan-insert-select",{"_34":1252,"_36":1253,"_38":1254,"_40":1255,"_42":1256},"COALESCE(a, b, …)","Nilai pertama yang tidak NULL dari kiri; dipakai menulis keterangan pengganti untuk sel kosong.","COALESCE(kota, 'Tidak diisi') AS kota","Logika, subkueri, dan CTE",{"_20":1257,"_45":1258},"Mengganti NULL dengan COALESCE","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/coalesce",{"_34":1260,"_36":1261,"_38":1262,"_40":1255,"_42":1263},"CASE WHEN … THEN … ELSE … END","Mengubah nilai menjadi kategori. Syarat diperiksa dari atas dan berhenti di yang pertama benar; ELSE untuk sisanya.","CASE WHEN jumlah >= 20 THEN 'grosir' WHEN jumlah >= 5 THEN 'partai' ELSE 'eceran' END",{"_20":1264,"_45":1265},"Membuat kategori dengan CASE","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/case-when",{"_34":1267,"_36":1268,"_38":1269,"_40":1255,"_42":1270},"SUM(CASE WHEN … THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)","Hitungan bersyarat sebagai kolom: beberapa kategori muncul berdampingan dalam satu baris hasil.","SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'batal' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS batal",{"_20":1271,"_45":1272},"Menghitung bersyarat dengan CASE","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/case-dalam-agregasi",{"_34":1274,"_36":1275,"_38":1276,"_40":1255,"_42":1277},"WHERE x IN (SELECT …)","Subkueri yang menghasilkan daftar nilai sebagai syarat. NOT IN membalik pertanyaannya menjadi \"yang belum\".","WHERE id IN (SELECT produk_id FROM detail_pesanan WHERE pesanan_id = 3)",{"_20":1278,"_45":1279},"Subkueri dengan IN","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/subkueri-in",{"_34":1281,"_36":1282,"_38":1283,"_40":1255,"_42":1284},"WHERE x < (SELECT AVG(x) …)","Subkueri skalar: satu nilai ringkasan yang dibandingkan dengan setiap baris dan dihitung ulang tiap kueri dijalankan.","WHERE stok < (SELECT AVG(stok) FROM produk)",{"_20":1285,"_45":1286},"Subkueri yang menghasilkan satu nilai","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/subkueri-skalar",{"_34":1288,"_36":1289,"_38":1290,"_40":1255,"_42":1291},"WITH nama AS (…)","CTE: hasil antara bernama yang dipakai seperti tabel di kueri utamanya. Beberapa CTE dipisah koma.","WITH elektronik AS (SELECT * FROM produk WHERE kategori = 'Elektronik') SELECT nama FROM elektronik;",{"_20":1292,"_45":1293},"Menamai hasil antara dengan WITH","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/cte-with",{"_34":1295,"_36":1296,"_38":1297,"_40":1298,"_42":1299},"date(tanggal, '+7 day')","Tanggal baru dari tanggal lama: '+1 month' menambah sebulan, 'start of month' mundur ke tanggal satu.","SELECT date(tanggal, '+7 day') AS jatuh_tempo FROM pesanan;","Fungsi SQLite",{"_20":1300,"_45":1301},"Fungsi tanggal SQLite","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/fungsi-tanggal",{"_34":1303,"_36":1304,"_38":-7,"_40":1298,"_42":1305},"strftime('%Y-%m', tanggal)","Bagian tanggal sebagai teks: %Y tahun, %m bulan dua digit, %d tanggal. '%Y-%m' menjadi kolom periode untuk rekap bulanan.",{"_20":1300,"_45":1301},{"_34":1307,"_36":1308,"_38":1309,"_40":1298,"_42":1310},"upper / lower / substr / length","Menyeragamkan huruf, mengambil potongan teks (posisi pertama bernomor 1), dan menghitung panjangnya.","SELECT substr(nama, 1, 1) AS inisial FROM pelanggan;",{"_20":1311,"_45":1312},"Fungsi teks dan angka SQLite","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/fungsi-teks-dan-angka",{"_34":1314,"_36":1315,"_38":1316,"_40":1298,"_42":1317},"round(x, n) / printf()","Membulatkan ke n angka di belakang koma, dan menyusun teks berformat seperti label Rupiah.","SELECT printf('Rp%d', harga) AS label FROM produk;",{"_20":1311,"_45":1312},{"_34":1319,"_36":1320,"_38":1321,"_40":1322,"_42":1323},"ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY … ORDER BY …)","Nomor urut 1, 2, 3 di dalam tiap kelompok PARTITION BY, menurut ORDER BY di dalam kurungnya.","ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY kelas ORDER BY skor DESC)","Window function",{"_20":1324,"_45":1325},"Peringkat dengan ROW_NUMBER, RANK, dan NTILE","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/peringkat-row-number-rank-ntile",{"_34":1327,"_36":1328,"_38":-7,"_40":1322,"_42":1329},"RANK() / DENSE_RANK()","Peringkat yang memberi nilai kembar nomor sama. RANK melompati nomor sesudah nilai kembar; DENSE_RANK tidak.",{"_20":1324,"_45":1325},{"_34":1331,"_36":1332,"_38":-7,"_40":1322,"_42":1333},"NTILE(n)","Membagi baris yang sudah diurutkan menjadi n kelompok berukuran hampir sama, misalnya segmen pelanggan.",{"_20":1324,"_45":1325},{"_34":1335,"_36":1336,"_38":1337,"_40":1322,"_42":1338},"LAG() / LEAD()","Nilai dari baris sebelum atau sesudahnya menurut ORDER BY. Baris pertama tidak punya pendahulu, jadi LAG di sana NULL.","derajat - LAG(derajat) OVER (PARTITION BY kota ORDER BY tanggal) AS perubahan",{"_20":1339,"_45":1340},"Membandingkan dengan baris sebelumnya: LAG dan LEAD","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/lag-dan-lead",{"_34":1342,"_36":1343,"_38":1344,"_40":1322,"_42":1345},"SUM() OVER (ORDER BY …)","Total berjalan: jumlah dari baris pertama sampai baris yang sedang dihitung. OVER () kosong memberi total keseluruhan di setiap baris.","SUM(masuk) OVER (ORDER BY tanggal) AS saldo",{"_20":1346,"_45":1347},"Total berjalan dan rata-rata bergerak","/belajar/sql-lanjutan/total-berjalan-dan-frame",{"_34":1349,"_36":1350,"_38":1351,"_40":1322,"_42":1352},"ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW","Frame: dua baris sebelumnya ditambah baris ini — dasar rata-rata bergerak tiga baris.","AVG(masuk) OVER (ORDER BY tanggal ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)",{"_20":1346,"_45":1347},{"_18":1354,"_20":1355,"_22":1356,"_24":1357,"_26":1358,"_28":628,"_29":1359,"_31":1360},"perintah-git","Perintah Git: commit, branch, merge, push, dan stash","Perintah Git dari git init sampai git stash — menyimpan perubahan, membatalkan, bercabang, menggabungkan, bekerja dengan remote dan fork, menandai rilis — masing-masing menaut ke latihan di terminal kelas.","Git","⎇",34,[1361,1368,1372,1379,1383,1388,1392,1398,1405,1409,1413,1418,1425,1430,1438,1442,1447,1454,1460,1464,1470,1477,1481,1487,1491,1498,1504,1511,1519,1523,1527,1531,1537,1541],{"_34":1362,"_36":1363,"_38":-7,"_40":1364,"_42":1365},"git init","Menjadikan folder aktif sebuah repo Git dengan membuat folder tersembunyi .git di dalamnya.","Memulai dan menyimpan",{"_20":1366,"_45":1367},"Membuat repo dan membaca status","/belajar/git-github-dasar/init-dan-status",{"_34":1369,"_36":1370,"_38":-7,"_40":1364,"_42":1371},"git status","Keadaan berkas: belum dilacak, berubah, atau sudah di staging dan siap di-commit. Jalankan sebelum add dan commit.",{"_20":1366,"_45":1367},{"_34":1373,"_36":1374,"_38":1375,"_40":1364,"_42":1376},"git add berkas","Memasukkan perubahan satu berkas ke staging area — daftar yang akan masuk commit berikutnya.","git add daftar-hadir.csv",{"_20":1377,"_45":1378},"Menyimpan perubahan dengan add dan commit","/belajar/git-github-dasar/add-commit-log",{"_34":1380,"_36":1381,"_38":-7,"_40":1364,"_42":1382},"git add .","Memasukkan semua perubahan di folder aktif dan subfoldernya ke staging area sekaligus.",{"_20":1377,"_45":1378},{"_34":1384,"_36":1385,"_38":1386,"_40":1364,"_42":1387},"git commit -m \"pesan\"","Mencatat isi staging area sebagai satu commit dengan pesan yang menjelaskan perubahannya.","git commit -m \"Tambah daftar hadir rapat Senin\"",{"_20":1377,"_45":1378},{"_34":1389,"_36":1390,"_38":-7,"_40":1364,"_42":1391},"git log --oneline","Riwayat commit, satu baris per commit: ID pendek dan pesannya, yang terbaru di atas.",{"_20":1377,"_45":1378},{"_34":1393,"_36":1394,"_38":-7,"_40":1364,"_42":1395},"git log -n 3 --graph --oneline","-n membatasi jumlah commit terbaru yang tampil; --graph menggambar cabang dan merge di sisi kiri riwayat.",{"_20":1396,"_45":1397},"Membaca riwayat bercabang dengan git log --graph","/belajar/git-github-dasar/log-graph",{"_34":1399,"_36":1400,"_38":-7,"_40":1401,"_42":1402},"git diff","Baris yang berubah di folder kerja dibanding staging area. Keluarannya kosong begitu semua perubahan di-add.","Memeriksa dan membatalkan",{"_20":1403,"_45":1404},"Melihat perubahan dan membatalkannya","/belajar/git-github-dasar/diff-dan-restore",{"_34":1406,"_36":1407,"_38":-7,"_40":1401,"_42":1408},"git diff --staged","Isi staging area dibanding commit terakhir — yang akan tercatat bila commit dijalankan sekarang.",{"_20":1403,"_45":1404},{"_34":1410,"_36":1411,"_38":-7,"_40":1401,"_42":1412},"git restore berkas","Mengembalikan isi berkas ke versi terakhir yang tercatat. Perubahan yang belum di-commit hilang.",{"_20":1403,"_45":1404},{"_34":1414,"_36":1415,"_38":1416,"_40":1401,"_42":1417},"git restore --staged berkas","Mengeluarkan berkas dari staging area tanpa mengubah isinya.","git restore --staged draf-surat.txt",{"_20":1403,"_45":1404},{"_34":1419,"_36":1420,"_38":1421,"_40":1401,"_42":1422},".gitignore","Berkas berisi pola nama yang diabaikan Git: berkas sementara, folder unduhan, berkas rahasia.","echo \"*.bak\" > .gitignore",{"_20":1423,"_45":1424},"Mengabaikan berkas dengan .gitignore","/belajar/git-github-dasar/gitignore",{"_34":1426,"_36":1427,"_38":1428,"_40":1401,"_42":1429},"git rm --cached berkas","Berhenti melacak berkas yang terlanjur di-commit tanpa menghapusnya dari folder; lanjutkan dengan commit.","git rm --cached token-api.txt",{"_20":1423,"_45":1424},{"_34":1431,"_36":1432,"_38":1433,"_40":1434,"_42":1435},"git branch","Daftar cabang; tanda bintang menunjuk cabang yang sedang aktif. Dengan nama di belakangnya, membuat cabang baru.","git branch draf-promo","Cabang dan merge",{"_20":1436,"_45":1437},"Bekerja di cabang","/belajar/git-github-dasar/branch-dan-switch",{"_34":1439,"_36":1440,"_38":-7,"_40":1434,"_42":1441},"git switch nama","Pindah ke cabang lain. Commit di satu cabang tidak mengubah cabang lain.",{"_20":1436,"_45":1437},{"_34":1443,"_36":1444,"_38":1445,"_40":1434,"_42":1446},"git switch -c nama","Membuat cabang dari commit tempat kamu berada lalu langsung pindah ke sana. Perintah lama: git checkout -b.","git switch -c jadwal-piket",{"_20":1436,"_45":1437},{"_34":1448,"_36":1449,"_38":1450,"_40":1434,"_42":1451},"git merge cabang","Menggabungkan cabang lain ke cabang aktif: fast-forward bila main tidak bergerak, commit merge bila keduanya punya commit baru.","git switch main && git merge promo-lebaran",{"_20":1452,"_45":1453},"Menggabungkan cabang dengan merge","/belajar/git-github-dasar/merge",{"_34":1455,"_36":1456,"_38":-7,"_40":1434,"_42":1457},"<<<<<<< ======= >>>>>>>","Penanda konflik: isi cabang aktif di atas =======, isi cabang yang digabung di bawahnya. Tulis ulang isinya, git add, lalu commit.",{"_20":1458,"_45":1459},"Menyelesaikan konflik merge","/belajar/git-github-dasar/konflik",{"_34":1461,"_36":1462,"_38":-7,"_40":1434,"_42":1463},"git merge --abort","Membatalkan merge yang berkonflik dan mengembalikan keadaan sebelum merge.",{"_20":1458,"_45":1459},{"_34":1465,"_36":1466,"_38":-7,"_40":1434,"_42":1467},"git branch -d nama","Menghapus cabang yang sudah tergabung.",{"_20":1468,"_45":1469},"Misi: konflik di berkas anggaran","/belajar/git-github-dasar/misi-konflik-anggaran",{"_34":1471,"_36":1472,"_38":-7,"_40":1473,"_42":1474},"git remote add origin url","Mendaftarkan repo remote dengan nama origin; git remote -v menampilkan alamatnya.","Remote dan GitHub",{"_20":1475,"_45":1476},"Menghubungkan remote dan mengirim commit","/belajar/git-github-dasar/remote-dan-push",{"_34":1478,"_36":1479,"_38":-7,"_40":1473,"_42":1480},"git push -u origin main","Mengirim cabang main ke origin dan mencatatnya sebagai pasangan pelacak, sehingga berikutnya cukup git push.",{"_20":1475,"_45":1476},{"_34":1482,"_36":1483,"_38":-7,"_40":1473,"_42":1484},"git clone url","Menyalin seluruh repo beserta riwayatnya ke folder baru; remote origin langsung terdaftar.",{"_20":1485,"_45":1486},"Menyalin repo dan menarik perubahan","/belajar/git-github-dasar/clone-dan-pull",{"_34":1488,"_36":1489,"_38":-7,"_40":1473,"_42":1490},"git pull","Menarik commit baru dari remote lalu menggabungkannya ke cabang aktif.",{"_20":1485,"_45":1486},{"_34":1492,"_36":1493,"_38":1494,"_40":1473,"_42":1495},"git remote add upstream url","Di fork, mendaftarkan repo asal sebagai upstream; git pull upstream main menarik commit barunya.","git pull upstream main",{"_20":1496,"_45":1497},"Fork: menyalin repo ke akun sendiri","/belajar/git-github-dasar/fork-dan-upstream",{"_34":1499,"_36":1500,"_38":-7,"_40":1473,"_42":1501},"git push (ke cabang pull request)","Commit baru yang didorong ke cabang yang sama memperbarui pull request yang sudah ada; tidak perlu pull request baru.",{"_20":1502,"_45":1503},"Menanggapi review dan memperbarui pull request","/belajar/git-github-dasar/menanggapi-review",{"_34":1505,"_36":1506,"_38":1507,"_40":1473,"_42":1508},"closes #12","Kata kunci di pesan commit yang menutup issue nomor itu otomatis begitu commit-nya masuk cabang bawaan.","git commit -m \"Perbaiki total kas Januari, closes #12\"",{"_20":1509,"_45":1510},"Menutup issue lewat pesan commit","/belajar/git-github-dasar/menutup-issue-dari-commit",{"_34":1512,"_36":1513,"_38":1514,"_40":1515,"_42":1516},"git tag nama [commit]","Tag ringan: nama tetap untuk commit terbaru, atau untuk commit lama bila ID-nya ditulis. git tag tanpa argumen menampilkan daftarnya.","git tag laporan-juli 93fa0d8","Tag dan stash",{"_20":1517,"_45":1518},"Menandai versi dengan git tag","/belajar/git-github-dasar/tag",{"_34":1520,"_36":1521,"_38":-7,"_40":1515,"_42":1522},"git tag -a nama -m \"pesan\"","Tag beranotasi, tersimpan bersama nama pembuat, tanggal, dan pesan; dokumentasi Git menyebutnya untuk rilis.",{"_20":1517,"_45":1518},{"_34":1524,"_36":1525,"_38":-7,"_40":1515,"_42":1526},"git tag -d nama","Menghapus tag di repo lokal — langkah pertama memindahkan tag yang salah tempat.",{"_20":1517,"_45":1518},{"_34":1528,"_36":1529,"_38":-7,"_40":1515,"_42":1530},"git push origin nama-tag","Mengirim tag ke remote. git push biasa tidak ikut mengirim tag.",{"_20":1517,"_45":1518},{"_34":1532,"_36":1533,"_38":-7,"_40":1515,"_42":1534},"git stash push -m \"pesan\"","Menyimpan perubahan setengah jadi dan mengosongkan folder kerja supaya bisa pindah cabang. Berkas yang belum pernah di-add tidak ikut kecuali dengan -u.",{"_20":1535,"_45":1536},"Menyimpan pekerjaan setengah jadi dengan git stash","/belajar/git-github-dasar/stash",{"_34":1538,"_36":1539,"_38":-7,"_40":1515,"_42":1540},"git stash list","Daftar simpanan; yang terbaru selalu stash@{0}.",{"_20":1535,"_45":1536},{"_34":1542,"_36":1543,"_38":-7,"_40":1515,"_42":1544},"git stash pop / apply / drop","pop mengembalikan simpanan teratas lalu menghapusnya, apply mengembalikan tanpa menghapus, drop membuangnya tanpa mengembalikan.",{"_20":1535,"_45":1536},{"_18":1546,"_20":1547,"_22":1548,"_24":1549,"_26":1550,"_28":628,"_29":1551,"_31":1552},"perintah-linux","Perintah Linux dan Terminal untuk Kerja Sehari-hari","Perintah terminal Linux dari pwd, ls, dan cd sampai grep, pipa, chmod, sudo, ps, kill, df, du, dan crontab — dikelompokkan menurut pekerjaannya, masing-masing menaut ke latihan di terminal kelas.","Linux","$",49,[1553,1560,1564,1571,1576,1584,1588,1593,1597,1601,1608,1613,1617,1625,1629,1636,1640,1645,1650,1658,1663,1667,1673,1677,1682,1690,1696,1701,1706,1713,1717,1721,1729,1736,1743,1748,1753,1760,1765,1772,1776,1782,1787,1795,1800,1806,1813,1818,1825],{"_34":1554,"_36":1555,"_38":-7,"_40":1556,"_42":1557},"pwd","Menampilkan path lengkap folder yang sedang aktif.","Posisi dan isi folder",{"_20":1558,"_45":1559},"Melihat posisi dan isi folder","/belajar/terminal-dasar/pwd-dan-ls",{"_34":1561,"_36":1562,"_38":-7,"_40":1556,"_42":1563},"ls -a","Mendaftar isi folder termasuk berkas tersembunyi yang namanya diawali titik, seperti .gitignore.",{"_20":1558,"_45":1559},{"_34":1565,"_36":1566,"_38":1567,"_40":1556,"_42":1568},"cd folder / cd ..","Pindah ke folder lain; dua titik berarti naik satu tingkat ke folder induk.","cd proyek/data",{"_20":1569,"_45":1570},"Berpindah folder dengan path relatif dan absolut","/belajar/terminal-dasar/cd-dan-path",{"_34":1572,"_36":1573,"_38":1574,"_40":1556,"_42":1575},"cd ~ / cd -","Tilde adalah folder home; cd - kembali ke folder yang baru saja ditinggalkan.","cd ~/dokumen",{"_20":1569,"_45":1570},{"_34":1577,"_36":1578,"_38":1579,"_40":1580,"_42":1581},"mkdir -p a/b/c","Membuat folder bertingkat sekaligus; tanpa -p, folder induk yang belum ada membuat perintahnya gagal.","mkdir -p laporan/2026/januari","Membuat, menyalin, dan menghapus",{"_20":1582,"_45":1583},"Membuat folder dan menulis berkas","/belajar/terminal-dasar/mkdir-touch-echo",{"_34":1585,"_36":1586,"_38":-7,"_40":1580,"_42":1587},"touch berkas","Membuat berkas kosong. Berkas yang sudah ada tidak ditimpa.",{"_20":1582,"_45":1583},{"_34":1589,"_36":1590,"_38":1591,"_40":1580,"_42":1592},"echo teks > berkas","Menulis teks ke berkas. Satu tanda > mengosongkan isi lamanya lebih dulu.","echo \"Rapat Senin 09.00\" > catatan.txt",{"_20":1582,"_45":1583},{"_34":1594,"_36":1595,"_38":-7,"_40":1580,"_42":1596},"echo teks >> berkas","Menambahkan satu baris di akhir berkas tanpa menghapus isi lama.",{"_20":1582,"_45":1583},{"_34":1598,"_36":1599,"_38":-7,"_40":1580,"_42":1600},"cat berkas","Menampilkan seluruh isi berkas ke layar.",{"_20":1582,"_45":1583},{"_34":1602,"_36":1603,"_38":1604,"_40":1580,"_42":1605},"cp / cp -r","Menyalin berkas: sumber dulu, lalu tujuan. Folder hanya tersalin dengan -r.","cp -r laporan arsip/laporan",{"_20":1606,"_45":1607},"Menyalin, memindahkan, dan menghapus","/belajar/terminal-dasar/cp-mv-rm",{"_34":1609,"_36":1610,"_38":1611,"_40":1580,"_42":1612},"mv","Memindahkan atau mengganti nama — bagi sistem berkas keduanya pekerjaan yang sama.","mv rekap.txt rekap-2026.txt",{"_20":1606,"_45":1607},{"_34":1614,"_36":1615,"_38":-7,"_40":1580,"_42":1616},"rm / rm -r","Menghapus berkas; folder hanya terhapus dengan -r. Tidak ada tempat sampah: yang terhapus tidak bisa dikembalikan.",{"_20":1606,"_45":1607},{"_34":1618,"_36":1619,"_38":1620,"_40":1621,"_42":1622},"wc -l","Menghitung baris berkas; tanpa opsi, wc menghitung baris, kata, dan karakter.","wc -l absensi.csv","Membaca dan merangkai keluaran",{"_20":1623,"_45":1624},"Menghitung dan mengintip isi berkas","/belajar/terminal-dasar/wc-head-tail",{"_34":1626,"_36":1627,"_38":-7,"_40":1621,"_42":1628},"head -n 5 / tail -n 1","Menampilkan sejumlah baris pertama atau terakhir berkas.",{"_20":1623,"_45":1624},{"_34":1630,"_36":1631,"_38":1632,"_40":1621,"_42":1633},"|","Pipa: keluaran perintah di kiri menjadi masukan perintah di kanan.","cat absensi.csv | wc -l",{"_20":1634,"_45":1635},"Merangkai perintah dengan pipa","/belajar/terminal-dasar/pipa-sort-uniq-cut",{"_34":1637,"_36":1638,"_38":-7,"_40":1621,"_42":1639},"cut -d , -f 3","Mengambil kolom ke-n dari teks berpemisah; -d menentukan pemisahnya, -f nomor kolomnya.",{"_20":1634,"_45":1635},{"_34":1641,"_36":1642,"_38":1643,"_40":1621,"_42":1644},"sort | uniq -c","Menghitung kemunculan tiap nilai. uniq hanya menggabung baris kembar yang bersebelahan, jadi urutkan dulu.","cut -d , -f 4 absensi.csv | sort | uniq -c",{"_20":1634,"_45":1635},{"_34":1646,"_36":1647,"_38":1648,"_40":1621,"_42":1649},"tr a-z A-Z","Mengganti karakter satu per satu, misalnya huruf kecil menjadi huruf besar. Hanya membaca dari masukan, bukan dari nama berkas.","cat cabang.txt | tr a-z A-Z",{"_20":1634,"_45":1635},{"_34":1651,"_36":1652,"_38":1653,"_40":1654,"_42":1655},"grep kata berkas","Menampilkan baris yang memuat kata itu.","grep Bandung absensi.csv","Mencari",{"_20":1656,"_45":1657},"Mencari teks di dalam berkas dengan grep","/belajar/terminal-dasar/grep",{"_34":1659,"_36":1660,"_38":1661,"_40":1654,"_42":1662},"grep -i / -n / -c / -v","-i abaikan huruf besar-kecil, -n tampilkan nomor baris, -c hitung barisnya saja, -v tampilkan baris yang tidak cocok.","grep -in izin absensi.csv",{"_20":1656,"_45":1657},{"_34":1664,"_36":1665,"_38":-7,"_40":1654,"_42":1666},"grep -r kata folder/","Mencari sampai ke semua berkas di dalam folder dan subfoldernya (GNU grep).",{"_20":1656,"_45":1657},{"_34":1668,"_36":1669,"_38":-7,"_40":1654,"_42":1670},"find . -name \"*.txt\"","Mencari berkas menurut nama di folder ini dan semua subfoldernya; polanya dikutip supaya tidak diperluas shell.",{"_20":1671,"_45":1672},"Mencari berkas dengan find dan wildcard","/belajar/terminal-dasar/find-dan-wildcard",{"_34":1674,"_36":1675,"_38":-7,"_40":1654,"_42":1676},"find . -type d","Mencari menurut jenis: d untuk folder, f untuk berkas biasa.",{"_20":1671,"_45":1672},{"_34":1678,"_36":1679,"_38":1680,"_40":1654,"_42":1681},"* dan ?","Wildcard shell: * mewakili berapa pun karakter, ? tepat satu karakter.","ls *.csv",{"_20":1671,"_45":1672},{"_34":1683,"_36":1684,"_38":1685,"_40":1686,"_42":1687},"ls -l","Satu baris per berkas: jenis, izin rwx untuk pemilik, grup, dan lainnya, lalu pemilik, grup, ukuran, dan tanggal.","-rwxr-x--- 1 deni kasir 2210 2026-09-22 tutup-hari.sh","Izin dan pemilik",{"_20":1688,"_45":1689},"Membaca izin dan pemilik di ls -l","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/membaca-izin-ls-l",{"_34":1691,"_36":1692,"_38":-7,"_40":1686,"_42":1693},"chmod 755","Izin dalam angka oktal: r = 4, w = 2, x = 1 dijumlahkan per kelompok. 755 berarti rwxr-xr-x.",{"_20":1694,"_45":1695},"Mengubah izin dengan chmod: oktal dan simbolik","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/chmod-oktal-simbolik",{"_34":1697,"_36":1698,"_38":1699,"_40":1686,"_42":1700},"chmod g+w,o-r","Notasi simbolik: u pemilik, g grup, o lainnya; + menambah, - mencabut, = menetapkan persis.","chmod u=rw,go= kunci.pem",{"_20":1694,"_45":1695},{"_34":1702,"_36":1703,"_38":1704,"_40":1686,"_42":1705},"chmod -R","Mengubah izin folder beserta seluruh isinya.","chmod -R go-w proyek",{"_20":1694,"_45":1695},{"_34":1707,"_36":1708,"_38":1709,"_40":1686,"_42":1710},"chown pemilik:grup","Mengganti pemilik dan grup sekaligus; butuh sudo. chgrp mengganti grupnya saja.","sudo chown deni:kasir /opt/kasir/harga.csv",{"_20":1711,"_45":1712},"Pemilik, grup, umask, dan bit khusus","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/chown-umask-bit-khusus",{"_34":1714,"_36":1715,"_38":-7,"_40":1686,"_42":1716},"umask","Bit yang dicabut dari izin berkas baru. umask 022 menghasilkan berkas 644 dan folder 755; umask 027 menghasilkan 640 dan 750.",{"_20":1711,"_45":1712},{"_34":1718,"_36":1719,"_38":-7,"_40":1686,"_42":1720},"chmod 2775","Angka keempat di depan memasang bit khusus. 2 adalah setgid: berkas baru di folder itu mewarisi grup foldernya.",{"_20":1711,"_45":1712},{"_34":1722,"_36":1723,"_38":1724,"_40":1725,"_42":1726},"id pengguna","UID, GID, dan semua grup seorang pengguna.","id deni","Pengguna dan sudo",{"_20":1727,"_45":1728},"Identitas pengguna: id, /etc/passwd, /etc/group","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/identitas-pengguna",{"_34":1730,"_36":1731,"_38":1732,"_40":1725,"_42":1733},"sudo / sudo -u","Menjalankan satu perintah sebagai root, atau dengan -u sebagai pengguna lain — cara menguji izin dari sisi pengguna layanan.","sudo -u www-data cat berkas",{"_20":1734,"_45":1735},"sudo dan prinsip hak minimum","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/sudo-hak-minimum",{"_34":1737,"_36":1738,"_38":1739,"_40":1725,"_42":1740},"useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G grup","Membuat pengguna baru dengan folder home (-m), shell bash (-s), dan grup tambahan (-G).","sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G kasir wulan",{"_20":1741,"_45":1742},"Membuat pengguna dan grup: useradd, groupadd, usermod","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/membuat-pengguna-grup",{"_34":1744,"_36":1745,"_38":1746,"_40":1725,"_42":1747},"usermod -aG grup","Menambah grup tanpa menghapus keanggotaan lama. Tanpa -a, daftar grup tambahan diganti seluruhnya.","sudo usermod -aG kasir deni",{"_20":1741,"_45":1742},{"_34":1749,"_36":1750,"_38":1751,"_40":1725,"_42":1752},"groupadd","Membuat grup baru.","sudo groupadd kasir",{"_20":1741,"_45":1742},{"_34":1754,"_36":1755,"_38":-7,"_40":1756,"_42":1757},"ps aux","Semua proses beserta pemilik, PID, dan pemakaian CPU serta memorinya.","Proses dan disk",{"_20":1758,"_45":1759},"Melihat proses dengan ps dan pgrep","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/melihat-proses",{"_34":1761,"_36":1762,"_38":1763,"_40":1756,"_42":1764},"pgrep -f","PID proses yang baris perintahnya memuat teks tertentu.","pgrep -f rekap-kasir",{"_20":1758,"_45":1759},{"_34":1766,"_36":1767,"_38":1768,"_40":1756,"_42":1769},"kill PID","Mengirim SIGTERM: meminta proses berhenti dan memberinya kesempatan menutup berkas.","kill 2077",{"_20":1770,"_45":1771},"Menghentikan proses: kill dan sinyal","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/kill-dan-sinyal",{"_34":1773,"_36":1774,"_38":-7,"_40":1756,"_42":1775},"kill -9 PID","SIGKILL, langkah terakhir bila SIGTERM diabaikan: proses dihentikan paksa tanpa sempat membereskan apa pun.",{"_20":1770,"_45":1771},{"_34":1777,"_36":1778,"_38":-7,"_40":1756,"_42":1779},"df -h","Ukuran, pemakaian, dan sisa ruang tiap disk dalam satuan yang mudah dibaca.",{"_20":1780,"_45":1781},"Disk penuh: df, du, dan sort -h","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/df-du-disk-penuh",{"_34":1783,"_36":1784,"_38":1785,"_40":1756,"_42":1786},"du -sh folder/* | sort -h","Ukuran tiap folder, diurutkan dari terkecil. sort -h memahami satuan K, M, dan G; sort -n tidak.","du -sh /home/*",{"_20":1780,"_45":1781},{"_34":1788,"_36":1789,"_38":1790,"_40":1791,"_42":1792},"$?","Kode keluar perintah terakhir: 0 berarti berhasil, selain 0 berarti gagal.","grep -q kasir /etc/group; echo $?","Skrip dan otomasi",{"_20":1793,"_45":1794},"Kondisi dan kode keluar: if, test, $?","/belajar/linux-administrasi-dasar/if-test-kode-keluar",{"_34":1796,"_36":1797,"_38":1798,"_40":1791,"_42":1799},"&& / ||","&& menjalankan perintah kanan hanya bila perintah kiri berhasil; || hanya bila gagal.","ls /opt/tidak-ada 2> /dev/null || echo \"folder tidak ada\"",{"_20":1793,"_45":1794},{"_34":1801,"_36":1802,"_38":-7,"_40":1791,"_42":1803},">> log 2>&1","Menambahkan keluaran biasa ke berkas log dan membelokkan pesan galat (2) ke tempat yang sama.",{"_20":1804,"_45":1805},"Menjadwalkan skrip dengan cron","/belajar/bash-lanjutan/jadwal-cron",{"_34":1807,"_36":1808,"_38":1809,"_40":1791,"_42":1810},"sed 's/lama/baru/g'","Mengganti teks di setiap baris; g mengganti semua kemunculan, bukan hanya yang pertama.","sed 's/Medan/MDN/g' penjualan.csv",{"_20":1811,"_45":1812},"sed: mengganti teks dan memilih baris","/belajar/bash-lanjutan/sed-ganti-dan-pilih-baris",{"_34":1814,"_36":1815,"_38":1816,"_40":1791,"_42":1817},"sed -i.bak","Menyunting berkas di tempat dan menyimpan salinan aslinya berakhiran .bak.","sed -i.bak 's/PORT=8080/PORT=9090/' app.conf",{"_20":1811,"_45":1812},{"_34":1819,"_36":1820,"_38":1821,"_40":1791,"_42":1822},"awk -F, '{print $3}'","Mencetak kolom tertentu dari teks berpemisah koma; pola di depan kurung kurawal menyaring barisnya.","awk -F, '$2 == \"Medan\" && $4 >= 10' transaksi.csv",{"_20":1823,"_45":1824},"awk: kolom, saringan, dan jumlah","/belajar/bash-lanjutan/awk-kolom-dan-jumlah",{"_34":1826,"_36":1827,"_38":1828,"_40":1791,"_42":1829},"crontab -e","Menyunting jadwal cron. Lima kolom waktu: menit, jam, tanggal, bulan, hari; tanda % di perintah ditulis \\%.","30 2 * * 1-5 /home/ani/bin/cadang.sh >> /home/ani/cadang.log 2>&1",{"_20":1804,"_45":1805},{"_18":1831,"_20":1832,"_22":1833,"_24":1834,"_26":1835,"_28":628,"_29":1836,"_31":1837},"regex","Contekan Regex: Kelas Karakter, Kuantor, Jangkar, Grup","Sintaks regular expression yang dipakai mencari dan memeriksa teks — escape, kelas karakter, \\d \\w \\s, kuantor, jangkar, lookahead, grup, flag, replace, dan re di Python — masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang menguji polamu.","Regex",".*",29,[1838,1845,1850,1857,1864,1868,1872,1876,1881,1885,1893,1898,1903,1910,1915,1923,1930,1937,1942,1950,1955,1959,1966,1971,1977,1982,1987,1992,1999],{"_34":1839,"_36":1840,"_38":-7,"_40":1841,"_42":1842},"abc","Huruf dan angka biasa mencocokkan dirinya sendiri, di bagian mana pun teks — toko juga cocok di dalam tokoh.","Karakter dan kelas karakter",{"_20":1843,"_45":1844},"Pola literal dan escape","/belajar/regex-dasar/pola-literal-dan-escape",{"_34":1846,"_36":1847,"_38":1848,"_40":1841,"_42":1849},"\\.","Escape: garis miring terbalik membuat karakter khusus dicari apa adanya. Yang perlu di-escape: \\ ^ $ . * + ? ( ) [ ] { } |.","/toko\\.id/",{"_20":1843,"_45":1844},{"_34":1851,"_36":1852,"_38":1853,"_40":1841,"_42":1854},".","Titik: satu karakter apa pun kecuali pemisah baris.","/kode.\\d/",{"_20":1855,"_45":1856},"Pintasan \\d, \\w, \\s, dan titik","/belajar/regex-dasar/pintasan-dan-titik",{"_34":1858,"_36":1859,"_38":1860,"_40":1841,"_42":1861},"[abc] / [A-Z0-9]","Satu karakter dari daftar atau rentang. Tulis [A-Za-z], bukan [A-z], yang ikut memuat tanda baca di antara Z dan a.","/[A-C][0-9]/",{"_20":1862,"_45":1863},"Kelas karakter dalam kurung siku","/belajar/regex-dasar/kelas-karakter",{"_34":1865,"_36":1866,"_38":-7,"_40":1841,"_42":1867},"[^0-9]","^ sebagai karakter pertama di dalam kurung siku membalik artinya: satu karakter yang bukan digit.",{"_20":1862,"_45":1863},{"_34":1869,"_36":1870,"_38":-7,"_40":1841,"_42":1871},"\\d","Satu digit, sama dengan [0-9]. Satu \\d hanya satu digit; panjangnya diatur kuantor.",{"_20":1855,"_45":1856},{"_34":1873,"_36":1874,"_38":-7,"_40":1841,"_42":1875},"\\w","Satu karakter kata: huruf Latin dasar, digit, atau garis bawah — sama dengan [A-Za-z0-9_]. Huruf beraksen seperti é tidak termasuk.",{"_20":1855,"_45":1856},{"_34":1877,"_36":1878,"_38":1879,"_40":1841,"_42":1880},"\\s","Satu karakter spasi putih: spasi, tab, atau baris baru.","/\\d\\s\\d/",{"_20":1855,"_45":1856},{"_34":1882,"_36":1883,"_38":-7,"_40":1841,"_42":1884},"\\D / \\W / \\S","Huruf besar membalik arti: bukan digit, bukan karakter kata, bukan spasi putih.",{"_20":1855,"_45":1856},{"_34":1886,"_36":1887,"_38":1888,"_40":1889,"_42":1890},"+","Satu kali atau lebih.","/Rp\\d+/","Kuantor",{"_20":1891,"_45":1892},"Kuantor +, *, dan ?","/belajar/regex-dasar/plus-bintang-tanya",{"_34":1894,"_36":1895,"_38":1896,"_40":1889,"_42":1897},"*","Nol kali atau lebih.","/foto\\d*\\.jpg/",{"_20":1891,"_45":1892},{"_34":1899,"_36":1900,"_38":1901,"_40":1889,"_42":1902},"?","Nol atau satu kali: unsur di depannya opsional.","/Jl\\.? Merdeka/",{"_20":1891,"_45":1892},{"_34":1904,"_36":1905,"_38":1906,"_40":1889,"_42":1907},"{n} / {n,m} / {n,}","Tepat n kali, n sampai m kali, atau n kali atau lebih. Tulis tanpa spasi: {2, 3} dibaca sebagai teks biasa.","/R\\d{2,3}a/",{"_20":1908,"_45":1909},"Jumlah tepat dengan {n} dan {n,m}","/belajar/regex-dasar/kuantor-kurung-kurawal",{"_34":1911,"_36":1912,"_38":1913,"_40":1889,"_42":1914},".*?","+ dan * rakus: mengambil sebanyak mungkin. Tanda ? sesudah kuantor membuatnya mengambil sesedikit mungkin.",".*\\. berhenti di titik terakhir; .*?\\. di titik pertama",{"_20":1891,"_45":1892},{"_34":1916,"_36":1917,"_38":1918,"_40":1919,"_42":1920},"^ dan $","Awal dan akhir teks. Dengan keduanya, seluruh teks harus sesuai pola — dasar pemeriksaan isian formulir.","/^\\d{4}$/","Jangkar dan lookahead",{"_20":1921,"_45":1922},"Awal dan akhir dengan ^ dan $","/belajar/regex-dasar/awal-dan-akhir",{"_34":1924,"_36":1925,"_38":1926,"_40":1919,"_42":1927},"\\b","Batas kata. Di kedua sisi, pola hanya cocok dengan kata utuh: \\bdan\\b tidak menyentuh danau.","/\\bkota\\b/",{"_20":1928,"_45":1929},"Batas kata dengan \\b","/belajar/regex-dasar/batas-kata",{"_34":1931,"_36":1932,"_38":1933,"_40":1919,"_42":1934},"(?=…)","Lookahead positif: menuntut pola di dalamnya ada sesudah posisi ini, tanpa ikut terambil.","\"berat 25 unit\".match(/\\d+(?= unit)/)[0]",{"_20":1935,"_45":1936},"Lookahead: syarat yang tidak ikut terambil","/belajar/regex-dasar/lookahead",{"_34":1938,"_36":1939,"_38":1940,"_40":1919,"_42":1941},"(?!…)","Lookahead negatif: menuntut pola di dalamnya tidak ada sesudah posisi ini.","/kursi (?!kosong)/",{"_20":1935,"_45":1936},{"_34":1943,"_36":1944,"_38":1945,"_40":1946,"_42":1947},"a|b","Salah satu pilihan. Tanpa kurung, garis tegak membagi seluruh pola menjadi dua.","/warna (merah|biru)/","Grup dan alternatif",{"_20":1948,"_45":1949},"Grup ( ) dan alternatif |","/belajar/regex-dasar/grup-dan-alternatif",{"_34":1951,"_36":1952,"_38":1953,"_40":1946,"_42":1954},"( … )","Grup: membatasi pilihan, membuat kuantor berlaku untuk beberapa karakter, dan menangkap bagian yang cocok.","/(ab){3}/",{"_20":1948,"_45":1949},{"_34":1956,"_36":1957,"_38":-7,"_40":1946,"_42":1958},"(?: … )","Grup tanpa tangkapan: membatasi seperti kurung biasa tetapi tidak menyimpan apa-apa.",{"_20":1948,"_45":1949},{"_34":1960,"_36":1961,"_38":1962,"_40":1946,"_42":1963},"(? … )","Grup bernama; tangkapannya dibaca lewat match(…).groups.nama.","/^INV-(?\\d{4})-(?\\d{4})$/",{"_20":1964,"_45":1965},"Grup bernama, replace, dan split","/belajar/regex-dasar/grup-bernama-dan-kasus-nyata",{"_34":1967,"_36":1968,"_38":1969,"_40":1946,"_42":1970},"$1 / $","Di teks pengganti replace, isi grup pertama atau grup bernama — cara menukar urutan bagian teks.","\"22/09/2026\".replace(/(\\d{2})\\/(\\d{2})\\/(\\d{4})/, \"$3-$2-$1\")",{"_20":1964,"_45":1965},{"_34":1972,"_36":1973,"_38":1974,"_40":1975,"_42":1976},"flag i","Huruf besar dan kecil dianggap sama.","/nusantara/i","Flag dan pemakaian",{"_20":1843,"_45":1844},{"_34":1978,"_36":1979,"_38":1980,"_40":1975,"_42":1981},"flag g","Tanpa g, replace hanya mengganti kecocokan pertama; replaceAll menolak pola tanpa g.","\"a-b-c\".replace(/-/g, \" \")",{"_20":1964,"_45":1965},{"_34":1983,"_36":1984,"_38":1985,"_40":1975,"_42":1986},"flag m","^ dan $ berlaku di awal dan akhir setiap baris, bukan hanya di awal dan akhir seluruh teks.","/^Lunas$/m",{"_20":1921,"_45":1922},{"_34":1988,"_36":1989,"_38":1990,"_40":1975,"_42":1991},"split(/pola/)","Memecah teks dengan pemisah berpola, misalnya koma dengan spasi yang tidak seragam.","\"Bogor, Depok, Bekasi\".split(/\\s*,\\s*/)",{"_20":1964,"_45":1965},{"_34":1993,"_36":1994,"_38":1995,"_40":1975,"_42":1996},"re.sub(pola, ganti, teks)","Python: mengganti setiap bagian yang cocok dan mengembalikan teks baru. Pola ditulis sebagai raw string r\"…\".","re.sub(r\"\\d+\", \"\", teks)",{"_20":1997,"_45":1998},"Membersihkan teks dengan re.sub","/belajar/olah-teks-python/membersihkan-dengan-re",{"_34":2000,"_36":2001,"_38":2002,"_40":1975,"_42":2003},"re.findall / re.split","Python: findall mengembalikan semua kecocokan sebagai list; split memecah teks pada pola. Grup biasa di pola findall mengubah isi hasilnya.","re.findall(r\"\\w+\", teks)",{"_20":2004,"_45":2005},"Tokenisasi: memecah teks menjadi kata dan kalimat","/belajar/olah-teks-python/tokenisasi",{"_18":2007,"_20":2008,"_22":2009,"_24":2010,"_26":2011,"_28":7,"_29":2012,"_31":2013},"rumus-statistika","Rumus Statistika: Sebaran, Skor z, Uji t, dan Regresi","Median, kuartil dan pencilan, simpangan baku, peluang bersyarat, binomial, skor z, galat baku, selang kepercayaan, uji t, uji chi-kuadrat, korelasi, dan regresi linear — lengkap dengan fungsi lembar kerjanya, masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang dinilai.","Statistika","σ",30,[2014,2022,2026,2033,2038,2045,2052,2058,2065,2073,2080,2086,2093,2100,2107,2115,2119,2126,2133,2140,2144,2151,2155,2162,2166,2172,2179,2186,2193,2198],{"_34":2015,"_36":2016,"_38":2017,"_40":2018,"_42":2019},"median","Nilai tengah setelah data diurutkan; bila banyak datanya genap, rata-rata dua nilai tengah.","42, 42, 45, 48, 53 → 45 · =MEDIAN(A2:A6)","Ukuran pusat dan sebaran",{"_20":2020,"_45":2021},"Rata-rata, median, dan modus","/belajar/statistika-peluang/rata-rata-median-modus",{"_34":2023,"_36":2024,"_38":-7,"_40":2018,"_42":2025},"modus","Nilai yang paling sering muncul; =MODE.SNGL menghasilkan #N/A bila tidak ada nilai yang berulang.",{"_20":2020,"_45":2021},{"_34":2027,"_36":2028,"_38":2029,"_40":2018,"_42":2030},"jangkauan = maksimum − minimum","Ukuran sebaran tercepat, tetapi hanya membaca dua nilai sehingga satu salah ketik menguasainya.","=MAX(A2:A8)-MIN(A2:A8)",{"_20":2031,"_45":2032},"Jangkauan: ukuran sebaran yang paling sederhana","/belajar/statistika-peluang/jangkauan",{"_34":2034,"_36":2035,"_38":2036,"_40":2018,"_42":2037},"posisi kuartil = 1 + (n − 1) × p","Cara inklusif yang sama dengan QUARTILE; p = 0,25 untuk Q1 dan 0,75 untuk Q3.","9 data terurut: Q1 di posisi 3, Q3 di posisi 7",{"_20":262,"_45":263},{"_34":2039,"_36":2040,"_38":2041,"_40":2018,"_42":2042},"pencilan: < Q1 − 1,5 × JAK atau > Q3 + 1,5 × JAK","Batasnya dihitung dari kuartil, sehingga tidak ikut tertarik oleh pencilan yang sedang dicari.","12, 14, 15, 16, 40: batas 11 dan 19, jadi 40 pencilan",{"_20":2043,"_45":2044},"Misi: mengenali pencilan pada waktu tempuh","/belajar/statistika-peluang/misi-mengenali-pencilan",{"_34":2046,"_36":2047,"_38":2048,"_40":2018,"_42":2049},"s = √(Σ(x − x̄)² ÷ (n − 1))","Simpangan baku sampel, =STDEV.S. Bila datanya seluruh populasi, pembaginya n: =STDEV.P.","2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9: populasi 2, sampel 2,14",{"_20":2050,"_45":2051},"Simpangan baku dan artinya","/belajar/statistika-peluang/simpangan-baku",{"_34":2053,"_36":2054,"_38":-7,"_40":2018,"_42":2055},"frekuensi relatif = frekuensi ÷ banyak data","Dibaca sebagai bagian atau persen; jumlah semua frekuensi harus sama dengan banyak data.",{"_20":2056,"_45":2057},"Tabel frekuensi","/belajar/statistika-peluang/tabel-frekuensi",{"_34":2059,"_36":2060,"_38":2061,"_40":2018,"_42":2062},"persen perubahan = (akhir − awal) ÷ awal × 100","Pembaginya nilai awal. Selisih dan persen perubahan adalah dua angka yang berbeda.","40 → 52 pesanan: 12 ÷ 40 × 100 = 30%",{"_20":2063,"_45":2064},"Membaca diagram yang sudah jadi","/belajar/statistika-peluang/membaca-diagram",{"_34":2066,"_36":2067,"_38":2068,"_40":2069,"_42":2070},"P(A dan B) = P(A) × P(B)","Hanya untuk kejadian bebas; hasil lemparan sebelumnya tidak mengubah peluang lemparan berikutnya.","tiga angka berturut-turut: 0,5³ = 0,125","Peluang dan sebaran diskret",{"_20":2071,"_45":2072},"Peluang majemuk dan kekeliruan penjudi","/belajar/statistika-peluang/peluang-majemuk-dan-kekeliruan-penjudi",{"_34":2074,"_36":2075,"_38":2076,"_40":2069,"_42":2077},"P(A | B) = P(A dan B) ÷ P(B)","Peluang bersyarat: pembaginya hanya baris atau kolom tempat syarat itu berlaku. A dan B bebas bila P(A | B) = P(A).","36 dari 80 pemakai promo memesan lagi: 0,45",{"_20":2078,"_45":2079},"Peluang bersyarat dan kebebasan","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/peluang-bersyarat-dan-kebebasan",{"_34":2081,"_36":2082,"_38":-7,"_40":2069,"_42":2083},"P(K | T) = P(T | K) × P(K) ÷ P(T)","Teorema Bayes; laju dasar P(K) yang kecil membuat sebagian besar tanda positif berasal dari kelompok yang keliru ditandai.",{"_20":2084,"_45":2085},"Teorema Bayes","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/teorema-bayes",{"_34":2087,"_36":2088,"_38":2089,"_40":2069,"_42":2090},"E(X) = Σ x × P(x)","Nilai harapan, yaitu rata-rata jangka panjang; jumlah semua peluangnya harus tepat 1.","=SUMPRODUCT(A2:A4,B2:B4)",{"_20":2091,"_45":2092},"Peubah acak diskret dan nilai harapan","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/peubah-acak-diskret",{"_34":2094,"_36":2095,"_38":2096,"_40":2069,"_42":2097},"binomial: C(n, k) × pᵏ × (1 − p)ⁿ⁻ᵏ","Peluang tepat k berhasil dari n percobaan bebas dengan p tetap; rata-ratanya n × p dan simpangan bakunya √(n × p × (1 − p)).","=BINOM.DIST(8,10,0.8,FALSE) → 0,302",{"_20":2098,"_45":2099},"Sebaran binomial","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/sebaran-binomial",{"_34":2101,"_36":2102,"_38":2103,"_40":2069,"_42":2104},"Poisson: e^(−λ) × λᵏ ÷ k!","Peluang tepat k kejadian per selang dengan laju rata-rata λ; rata-rata dan ragamnya sama-sama λ.","=POISSON.DIST(0,2.5,FALSE) → 0,082",{"_20":2105,"_45":2106},"Sebaran Poisson dan hipergeometrik","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/sebaran-poisson-dan-hipergeometrik",{"_34":2108,"_36":2109,"_38":2110,"_40":2111,"_42":2112},"z = (x − μ) ÷ σ","Skor baku: jarak sebuah nilai dari rata-ratanya dalam satuan simpangan baku.","=STANDARDIZE(150,120,15) → 2","Sebaran normal dan menaksir",{"_20":2113,"_45":2114},"Skor baku dan aturan empiris","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/skor-baku-dan-aturan-empiris",{"_34":2116,"_36":2117,"_38":-7,"_40":2111,"_42":2118},"aturan 68–95–99,7","Pada sebaran normal, sekitar 68%, 95%, dan 99,7% nilai berada dalam 1, 2, dan 3 simpangan baku dari rata-rata.",{"_20":2113,"_45":2114},{"_34":2120,"_36":2121,"_38":2122,"_40":2111,"_42":2123},"galat baku = σ ÷ √n","Simpangan baku rata-rata sampel; sampel empat kali lipat membagi dua galat bakunya. Dari data sampel: s ÷ √n.","σ = 4, n = 64: 4 ÷ 8 = 0,5",{"_20":2124,"_45":2125},"Sebaran rata-rata sampel dan teorema limit pusat","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/sebaran-sampel-dan-teorema-limit-pusat",{"_34":2127,"_36":2128,"_38":2129,"_40":2111,"_42":2130},"x̄ ± t* × s ÷ √n","Selang kepercayaan rata-rata dengan derajat bebas n − 1; =CONFIDENCE.T(0,05; s; n) memberi margin galatnya.","x̄ 20, s 3, n 9: t* 2,306 → 17,69 sampai 22,31",{"_20":2131,"_45":2132},"Selang kepercayaan rata-rata","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/menaksir-rata-rata",{"_34":2134,"_36":2135,"_38":2136,"_40":2111,"_42":2137},"p̂ ± 1,96 × √(p̂(1 − p̂) ÷ n)","Selang kepercayaan 95% untuk proporsi, layak bila jawaban ya dan tidak masing-masing paling sedikit 10.","90 dari 150: 0,522 sampai 0,678",{"_20":2138,"_45":2139},"Selang kepercayaan proporsi dan ukuran sampel","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/menaksir-proporsi-dan-ukuran-sampel",{"_34":2141,"_36":2142,"_38":-7,"_40":2111,"_42":2143},"n = z*² × p(1 − p) ÷ E²","Ukuran sampel untuk margin galat E; pakai p = 0,5 bila belum ada perkiraan, dan bulatkan ke atas.",{"_20":2138,"_45":2139},{"_34":2145,"_36":2146,"_38":-7,"_40":2147,"_42":2148},"H0: μ = μ0","Hipotesis nol selalu memuat tanda sama dengan; arah H1 ditetapkan dari pertanyaannya sebelum data dilihat.","Uji hipotesis",{"_20":2149,"_45":2150},"Gagasan uji hipotesis","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/gagasan-uji-hipotesis",{"_34":2152,"_36":2153,"_38":-7,"_40":2147,"_42":2154},"p < α → tolak H0","Nilai p bukan peluang H0 benar, dan gagal menolak H0 tidak membuktikan H0. Galat tipe I menolak H0 yang benar; peluangnya α.",{"_20":2149,"_45":2150},{"_34":2156,"_36":2157,"_38":2158,"_40":2147,"_42":2159},"t = (x̄ − μ0) ÷ (s ÷ √n)","Uji t satu sampel dengan derajat bebas n − 1; nilai p dua sisinya =T.DIST.2T(ABS(t), n − 1).","x̄ 197, μ0 200, s 4, n 9: t = −2,25",{"_20":2160,"_45":2161},"Uji t untuk rata-rata","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/uji-rata-rata",{"_34":2163,"_36":2164,"_38":-7,"_40":2147,"_42":2165},"T.TEST(larik1, larik2, 2, tipe)","Tipe 1 untuk data berpasangan seperti sebelum–sesudah, 2 untuk dua sampel bebas beragam sama, 3 untuk uji Welch.",{"_20":2160,"_45":2161},{"_34":2167,"_36":2168,"_38":-7,"_40":2147,"_42":2169},"z = (p̂ − p0) ÷ √(p0(1 − p0) ÷ n)","Uji satu proporsi; galat bakunya memakai p0 dari H0, bukan p̂.",{"_20":2170,"_45":2171},"Uji proporsi","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/uji-proporsi",{"_34":2173,"_36":2174,"_38":2175,"_40":2147,"_42":2176},"χ² = Σ(O − E)² ÷ E","Uji chi-kuadrat; frekuensi harapan sel = jumlah baris × jumlah kolom ÷ total, derajat bebas (baris − 1) × (kolom − 1).","=CHISQ.TEST(teramati, harapan)",{"_20":2177,"_45":2178},"Uji chi-kuadrat","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/uji-chi-kuadrat",{"_34":2180,"_36":2181,"_38":-7,"_40":2182,"_42":2183},"r antara −1 dan 1","Korelasi Pearson mengukur hubungan yang lurus, =CORREL; korelasi tidak membuktikan sebab-akibat.","Korelasi dan regresi",{"_20":2184,"_45":2185},"Diagram pencar dan korelasi","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/diagram-pencar-dan-korelasi",{"_34":2187,"_36":2188,"_38":2189,"_40":2182,"_42":2190},"ŷ = a + b × x","Garis regresi kuadrat terkecil: b =SLOPE(y, x), a =INTERCEPT(y, x), dengan larik y ditulis lebih dulu. =RSQ(y, x) memberi r².","a = 40, b = 18, x = 10 → ŷ = 220",{"_20":2191,"_45":2192},"Regresi linear sederhana","/belajar/statistika-inferensial/regresi-linear-sederhana",{"_34":2194,"_36":2195,"_38":2196,"_40":2182,"_42":2197},"residu = y − ŷ","Positif bila titiknya di atas garis. Prediksi di luar rentang x pada data adalah ekstrapolasi.","tagihan 232, prediksi 220: residu 12",{"_20":2191,"_45":2192},{"_34":2199,"_36":2200,"_38":2201,"_40":2182,"_42":2202},"korelasi Spearman","Korelasi Pearson atas peringkat data; mengukur hubungan monoton dan lebih tahan terhadap pencilan.","stats.spearmanr(x, y)",{"_20":2203,"_45":2204},"Korelasi Spearman","/belajar/uji-statistik-python/korelasi-spearman",{"_18":2206,"_20":2207,"_22":2208,"_24":2209,"_26":2210,"_28":628,"_29":1099,"_31":2211},"tag-html","Daftar Tag HTML: Struktur, Teks, Tabel, dan Formulir","Tag HTML yang dipakai membangun halaman sungguhan — kerangka dokumen, elemen semantik, teks, tautan, gambar, tabel, formulir, dan atribut aksesibilitas — masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang memeriksa kodemu.","HTML","<>",[2212,2219,2223,2227,2231,2235,2242,2247,2251,2255,2259,2263,2269,2273,2279,2283,2290,2294,2299,2305,2311,2315,2322,2326,2330,2334,2341,2345,2349,2353,2357,2363,2367,2375,2381,2385,2392,2396],{"_34":2213,"_36":2214,"_38":-7,"_40":2215,"_42":2216},"","Baris pertama dokumen; tanpanya peramban memakai mode warisan saat menghitung tata letak.","Kerangka dokumen",{"_20":2217,"_45":2218},"Kerangka dokumen dan bagian head","/belajar/html-css-dasar/kerangka-dokumen-dan-head",{"_34":2220,"_36":2221,"_38":-7,"_40":2215,"_42":2222},"","Membungkus seluruh dokumen; atribut lang memberi tahu pembaca layar bahasa yang diucapkan.",{"_20":2217,"_45":2218},{"_34":2224,"_36":2225,"_38":-7,"_40":2215,"_42":2226},"","Pengodean karakter, ditulis tepat setelah head dibuka dan sebelum title.",{"_20":2217,"_45":2218},{"_34":2228,"_36":2229,"_38":-7,"_40":2215,"_42":2230},"","Mengatur lebar awal halaman di layar ponsel.",{"_20":2217,"_45":2218},{"_34":2232,"_36":2233,"_38":-7,"_40":2215,"_42":2234},"","Nama halaman di tab peramban, bookmark, dan hasil mesin pencari; tidak tampil di badan halaman.",{"_20":2217,"_45":2218},{"_34":2236,"_36":2237,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2239},"<header>","Pembuka halaman atau pembuka satu bagian, berisi judul dan identitas.","Wilayah halaman",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},"Elemen semantik: header, nav, main, footer","/belajar/html-css-dasar/elemen-semantik",{"_34":2243,"_36":2244,"_38":2245,"_40":2238,"_42":2246},"<nav>","Kumpulan tautan navigasi, ditulis sebagai daftar ul; bila ada dua nav, bedakan dengan aria-label.","<nav aria-label=\"Menu utama\">",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2248,"_36":2249,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2250},"<main>","Isi pokok halaman, satu per halaman, tanpa menu dan hak cipta yang berulang.",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2252,"_36":2253,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2254},"<section>","Satu bagian bertema yang punya judul sendiri; bagian tanpa judul cukup dibungkus div.",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2256,"_36":2257,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2258},"<article>","Satuan isi yang tetap masuk akal bila dipindahkan keluar halaman, misalnya satu berita.",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2260,"_36":2261,"_38":-7,"_40":2238,"_42":2262},"<footer>","Keterangan penutup seperti alamat dan tahun; boleh muncul juga di akhir satu article.",{"_20":2240,"_45":2241},{"_34":2264,"_36":2265,"_38":-7,"_40":766,"_42":2266},"<h1> … <h6>","Judul bertingkat menurut kedudukan, bukan ukuran huruf: satu h1, tingkatnya tidak dilompati.",{"_20":2267,"_45":2268},"Heading dan paragraf","/belajar/html-css-dasar/heading-dan-paragraf",{"_34":2270,"_36":2271,"_38":-7,"_40":766,"_42":2272},"<p>","Satu paragraf; baris kosong di kode tidak membuat jarak di halaman.",{"_20":2267,"_45":2268},{"_34":2274,"_36":2275,"_38":-7,"_40":766,"_42":2276},"<ul>, <ol>, <li>","Daftar berbutir untuk butir setara, bernomor untuk langkah berurutan; daftar bersarang ditulis di dalam li induknya.",{"_20":2277,"_45":2278},"Subjudul, daftar, dan penekanan teks","/belajar/html-css-dasar/subjudul-dan-daftar",{"_34":2280,"_36":2281,"_38":-7,"_40":766,"_42":2282},"<strong> dan <em>","strong menandai kepentingan, em menandai penekanan pengucapan; b dan i hanya menebalkan dan memiringkan tanpa makna.",{"_20":2277,"_45":2278},{"_34":2284,"_36":2285,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2287},"<a href=\"…\">","Absolut memuat skema (https://…); relatif: berkas.html di folder yang sama, ../ naik satu folder, / dihitung dari akar situs.","Tautan dan gambar",{"_20":2288,"_45":2289},"Tautan absolut, relatif, dan ke bagian halaman","/belajar/html-css-dasar/menambahkan-tautan",{"_34":2291,"_36":2292,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2293},"<a href=\"#kontak\">","Menuju elemen ber-id kontak di halaman yang sama; id tujuannya harus sama persis.",{"_20":2288,"_45":2289},{"_34":2295,"_36":2296,"_38":2297,"_40":2286,"_42":2298},"href=\"mailto:…\" · href=\"tel:+62…\"","Membuka surel atau aplikasi telepon; nomor ditulis +62 tanpa nol di depan dan tanpa spasi.","<a href=\"tel:+6281234567890\">Telepon kantor koperasi</a>",{"_20":2288,"_45":2289},{"_34":2300,"_36":2301,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2302},"<img src=\"…\" alt=\"…\" width=\"…\" height=\"…\">","Gambar tanpa tag penutup; width dan height menyiapkan ruang supaya teks tidak melompat saat gambar dimuat.",{"_20":2303,"_45":2304},"Gambar dan teks alternatif","/belajar/html-css-dasar/gambar-dan-teks-alternatif",{"_34":2306,"_36":2307,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2308},"alt=\"…\" dan alt=\"\"","Alt menyampaikan fungsi gambar, bukan nama berkasnya; gambar hiasan diberi alt kosong, atributnya tidak dihapus.",{"_20":2309,"_45":2310},"Teks alternatif: informatif dan dekoratif","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/teks-alternatif-gambar",{"_34":2312,"_36":2313,"_38":-7,"_40":2286,"_42":2314},"<figure> dan <figcaption>","Mengikat keterangan yang terlihat pada gambarnya; figcaption tidak menggantikan alt.",{"_20":2303,"_45":2304},{"_34":2316,"_36":2317,"_38":-7,"_40":2318,"_42":2319},"<table>, <tr>, <td>","table membungkus tabel, tr satu baris, td satu sel data.","Tabel",{"_20":2320,"_45":2321},"Tabel data: baris, kolom, dan judul kolom","/belajar/html-css-dasar/tabel-data",{"_34":2323,"_36":2324,"_38":-7,"_40":2318,"_42":2325},"<th scope=\"col\"> · <th scope=\"row\">","Sel judul kolom atau baris; pembaca layar menyebut namanya setiap kali berpindah sel.",{"_20":2320,"_45":2321},{"_34":2327,"_36":2328,"_38":-7,"_40":2318,"_42":2329},"<caption>","Judul tabel yang ikut terbaca, ditulis sebagai anak pertama table.",{"_20":2320,"_45":2321},{"_34":2331,"_36":2332,"_38":-7,"_40":2318,"_42":2333},"<thead> dan <tbody>","Memisahkan baris judul dari baris data.",{"_20":2320,"_45":2321},{"_34":2335,"_36":2336,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2338},"<form action=\"/daftar\" method=\"post\">","Membungkus semua isian; get untuk pencarian, post untuk data yang mengubah sesuatu di server.","Formulir",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},"Formulir dasar: label, input, dan tombol","/belajar/html-css-dasar/formulir-dasar",{"_34":2342,"_36":2343,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2344},"<label for=\"nama\">","Nilai for sama persis dengan id input, bukan dengan name; teks label lalu bisa diklik dan dibacakan.",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},{"_34":2346,"_36":2347,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2348},"<input type=\"email\" id=\"surel\" name=\"surel\">","type memilih jenis isian (text, email, number, date, tel); input tanpa name tidak ikut terkirim.",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},{"_34":2350,"_36":2351,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2352},"required · placeholder","required menolak kiriman selama isian kosong; placeholder hanya contoh bentuk isian, bukan pengganti label.",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},{"_34":2354,"_36":2355,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2356},"<button type=\"submit\">","Tombol pengirim formulir dengan type ditulis eksplisit.",{"_20":2339,"_45":2340},{"_34":2358,"_36":2359,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2360},"<fieldset> dan <legend>","Mengelompokkan tombol radio atau kotak centang; legend adalah pertanyaan grupnya.",{"_20":2361,"_45":2362},"Formulir berkelompok dan tabel data","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/formulir-dan-tabel-data",{"_34":2364,"_36":2365,"_38":-7,"_40":2337,"_42":2366},"autocomplete=\"email\"","Nilai baku seperti name, email, tel, dan postal-code untuk data tentang pengguna sendiri.",{"_20":2361,"_45":2362},{"_34":2368,"_36":2369,"_38":2370,"_40":2371,"_42":2372},"lang=\"en\" pada satu bagian","Menandai kutipan berbahasa lain supaya dibacakan dengan lafal bahasanya.","<p lang=\"en\">Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.</p>","Atribut aksesibilitas",{"_20":2373,"_45":2374},"HTML semantik, landmark, dan bahasa halaman","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/html-semantik-dan-landmark",{"_34":2376,"_36":2377,"_38":-7,"_40":2371,"_42":2378},"tabindex=\"0\" · tabindex=\"-1\"","0 memasukkan elemen ke urutan Tab, −1 hanya bisa difokus lewat skrip. Nilai positif didahulukan sebelum semua elemen lain, jadi MDN meminta hanya 0 dan −1.",{"_20":2379,"_45":2380},"Navigasi papan ketik dan fokus","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/navigasi-papan-ketik",{"_34":2382,"_36":2383,"_38":-7,"_40":2371,"_42":2384},"<a href=\"#isi-utama\">Langsung ke isi utama</a>","Tautan lewati: elemen pertama di body yang menaut ke id elemen main.",{"_20":2379,"_45":2380},{"_34":2386,"_36":2387,"_38":2388,"_40":2371,"_42":2389},"aria-label · aria-labelledby","Memberi nama aksesibel; aria-labelledby menunjuk id teks yang terlihat dan mengalahkan aria-label.","<section aria-labelledby=\"judul-promo\">",{"_20":2390,"_45":2391},"ARIA: aturan pemakaian, nama, dan wilayah langsung","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/aria-dasar",{"_34":2393,"_36":2394,"_38":-7,"_40":2371,"_42":2395},"aria-live=\"polite\"","Pesan status diumumkan tanpa memindah fokus; dipasang pada elemen kosong yang sudah ada sebelum pesannya ditulis.",{"_20":2390,"_45":2391},{"_34":2397,"_36":2398,"_38":2399,"_40":2371,"_42":2400},"<track kind=\"captions\">","Takarir di dalam video; tanpa kind, berkasnya diperlakukan sebagai subtitle.","<track kind=\"captions\" srclang=\"id\" label=\"Indonesia\" src=\"video.vtt\">",{"_20":2401,"_45":2402},"Media: takarir, transkrip, dan deskripsi audio","/belajar/aksesibilitas-web/takarir-transkrip-deskripsi-audio",{"_18":2404,"_20":2405,"_22":2406,"_24":2407,"_26":2408,"_28":7,"_29":1099,"_31":2409},"rumus-fisika","Rumus Fisika: Gerak, Gaya, Energi, Listrik, dan Optik","Rumus GLB dan GLBB, hukum Newton, usaha dan energi, tekanan, kalor, gelombang, hukum Ohm, dan hukum Snellius dalam satuan SI — masing-masing menaut ke soal hitungan yang dinilai otomatis.","Fisika","⚛",[2410,2418,2425,2430,2437,2441,2446,2451,2458,2466,2472,2479,2486,2490,2494,2501,2505,2511,2515,2521,2526,2533,2538,2542,2548,2554,2559,2565,2571,2578,2585,2591,2599,2606,2610,2615,2622,2629],{"_34":2411,"_36":2412,"_38":2413,"_40":2414,"_42":2415},"km/jam ÷ 3,6 = m/s","Karena 1 km = 1.000 m dan 1 jam = 3.600 s, angka km/jam cukup dibagi 3,6.","72 km/jam ÷ 3,6 = 20 m/s","Satuan dan gerak lurus",{"_20":2416,"_45":2417},"Besaran, satuan SI, dan awalan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/besaran-satuan-si-awalan",{"_34":2419,"_36":2420,"_38":2421,"_40":2414,"_42":2422},"v = Δx ÷ Δt","Kecepatan rata-rata memakai perpindahan; kelajuan rata-rata memakai jarak tempuh.","300 m ke timur lalu 100 m ke barat dalam 200 s: kelajuan 2 m/s, kecepatan 1 m/s",{"_20":2423,"_45":2424},"Kelajuan, kecepatan, dan gerak lurus beraturan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/kecepatan-dan-glb",{"_34":2426,"_36":2427,"_38":2428,"_40":2414,"_42":2429},"x = x₀ + v × t","Gerak lurus beraturan: kecepatannya tetap, perpindahannya sebanding dengan waktu.","25 m/s × 120 s = 3.000 m",{"_20":2423,"_45":2424},{"_34":2431,"_36":2432,"_38":2433,"_40":2414,"_42":2434},"a = (v − v₀) ÷ t","Percepatan rata-rata dalam m/s²; tanda negatif berarti benda melambat.","(20 − 5) ÷ 5 = 3 m/s²",{"_20":2435,"_45":2436},"Percepatan dan gerak lurus berubah beraturan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/percepatan-dan-glbb",{"_34":2438,"_36":2439,"_38":-7,"_40":2414,"_42":2440},"v = v₀ + a × t","Kecepatan setelah t sekon pada gerak lurus berubah beraturan.",{"_20":2435,"_45":2436},{"_34":2442,"_36":2443,"_38":2444,"_40":2414,"_42":2445},"x = v₀ × t + ½ × a × t²","Perpindahan pada GLBB bila waktunya diketahui.","5 × 5 + ½ × 3 × 5² = 62,5 m",{"_20":2435,"_45":2436},{"_34":2447,"_36":2448,"_38":2449,"_40":2414,"_42":2450},"v² = v₀² + 2 × a × x","Persamaan GLBB tanpa waktu, dipakai untuk jarak pengereman dengan a bertanda negatif.","20 m/s direm 4 m/s² sampai berhenti: x = 400 ÷ 8 = 50 m",{"_20":2435,"_45":2436},{"_34":2452,"_36":2453,"_38":2454,"_40":2414,"_42":2455},"v = g × t · h = ½ × g × t²","Jatuh bebas dari diam dengan g = 9,8 m/s²; massa benda tidak ikut menentukan.","3 s: v = 29,4 m/s, h = 44,1 m",{"_20":2456,"_45":2457},"Jatuh bebas dan lemparan vertikal","/belajar/fisika-dasar/jatuh-bebas",{"_34":2459,"_36":2460,"_38":2461,"_40":2462,"_42":2463},"t = √(2h ÷ g) · x = v₀ × t","Lemparan mendatar: waktu jatuhnya sama dengan jatuh bebas, kecepatan mendatar hanya menentukan jarak mendaratnya.","h = 1,225 m, v₀ = 2 m/s: t = 0,5 s, x = 1 m","Gerak parabola dan gerak melingkar",{"_20":2464,"_45":2465},"Gerak parabola: dua gerak yang berjalan bersamaan","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/gerak-parabola-lemparan-mendatar",{"_34":2467,"_36":2468,"_38":-7,"_40":2462,"_42":2469},"R = v₀² × sin 2θ ÷ g","Jangkauan lemparan miring di tanah datar; terjauh pada 45°, dan sudut 30° serta 60° memberi jangkauan sama.",{"_20":2470,"_45":2471},"Lemparan miring: tinggi maksimum dan jangkauan","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/lemparan-miring-tinggi-jangkauan",{"_34":2473,"_36":2474,"_38":2475,"_40":2462,"_42":2476},"a = v² ÷ r · F = m × v² ÷ r","Percepatan dan gaya sentripetal, selalu mengarah ke pusat lingkaran; v = ω × r dan ω = 2π ÷ T.","200 kg, 10 m/s, r = 40 m: F = 500 N",{"_20":2477,"_45":2478},"Gerak melingkar beraturan dan gaya sentripetal","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/gerak-melingkar-beraturan",{"_34":2480,"_36":2481,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2483},"ΣF = m × a","Hukum kedua Newton; 1 N = 1 kg·m/s².","Gaya, usaha, energi, dan momentum",{"_20":2484,"_45":2485},"Hukum Newton: gaya, massa, berat, dan gesekan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/hukum-newton-berat-gesekan",{"_34":2487,"_36":2488,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2489},"w = m × g","Berat adalah gaya, bersatuan newton; massa 1 kg beratnya 9,8 N.",{"_20":2484,"_45":2485},{"_34":2491,"_36":2492,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2493},"f = μk × N","Gaya gesek kinetik; di lantai datar tanpa gaya tegak lain, N sama dengan berat benda.",{"_20":2484,"_45":2485},{"_34":2495,"_36":2496,"_38":2497,"_40":2482,"_42":2498},"W = F × d × cos θ","Usaha dalam joule; nol bila gaya tegak lurus perpindahan.","80 N searah perpindahan 5 m = 400 J",{"_20":2499,"_45":2500},"Usaha dan daya","/belajar/fisika-dasar/usaha-dan-daya",{"_34":2502,"_36":2503,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2504},"P = W ÷ t","Daya rata-rata dalam watt, 1 W = 1 J/s.",{"_20":2499,"_45":2500},{"_34":2506,"_36":2507,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2508},"EK = ½ × m × v²","Energi kinetik; kelajuan dua kali berarti energi empat kali.",{"_20":2509,"_45":2510},"Energi kinetik, energi potensial, dan kekekalan energi","/belajar/fisika-dasar/energi-kinetik-potensial-kekekalan",{"_34":2512,"_36":2513,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2514},"EP = m × g × h","Energi potensial gravitasi terhadap ketinggian acuan. Tanpa gesekan, EK + EP tetap, sehingga v = √(2 × g × h).",{"_20":2509,"_45":2510},{"_34":2516,"_36":2517,"_38":-7,"_40":2482,"_42":2518},"p = m × v · F × Δt = Δp","Momentum dan impuls; arah pada gerak satu dimensi dinyatakan dengan tanda.",{"_20":2519,"_45":2520},"Momentum dan tumbukan","/belajar/fisika-dasar/momentum-dan-tumbukan",{"_34":2522,"_36":2523,"_38":2524,"_40":2482,"_42":2525},"v′ = (m₁v₁ + m₂v₂) ÷ (m₁ + m₂)","Kecepatan bersama setelah tumbukan menempel: momentum kekal, energi kinetik tidak.","2.000 kg × 3 m/s menabrak 1.000 kg diam: v′ = 2 m/s",{"_20":2519,"_45":2520},{"_34":2527,"_36":2528,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2530},"P = F ÷ A","Tekanan dalam pascal, 1 Pa = 1 N/m²; ubah luas dari cm² ke m² lebih dulu.","Fluida dan kalor",{"_20":2531,"_45":2532},"Tekanan, tekanan hidrostatis, dan hukum Archimedes","/belajar/fisika-dasar/tekanan-hidrostatis-archimedes",{"_34":2534,"_36":2535,"_38":2536,"_40":2529,"_42":2537},"P = ρ × g × h","Tekanan hidrostatis hanya bergantung pada kedalaman dan jenis fluidanya, bukan bentuk wadah.","dasar kolam 2 m: 2 × 1.000 × 9,8 = 19.600 Pa",{"_20":2531,"_45":2532},{"_34":2539,"_36":2540,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2541},"F apung = ρ fluida × V tercelup × g","Hukum Archimedes: gaya apung sama dengan berat fluida yang dipindahkan.",{"_20":2531,"_45":2532},{"_34":2543,"_36":2544,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2545},"A₁ × v₁ = A₂ × v₂","Persamaan kontinuitas: debit Q = A × v sama di setiap penampang, jadi air lebih cepat di bagian sempit.",{"_20":2546,"_45":2547},"Fluida mengalir: debit, kontinuitas, dan Bernoulli","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/fluida-dinamis-kontinuitas-bernoulli",{"_34":2549,"_36":2550,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2551},"Q = m × c × ΔT","Kalor untuk mengubah suhu; kalor jenis air 4.186 J/(kg·°C).",{"_20":2552,"_45":2553},"Kalor jenis dan perubahan wujud","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/kalor-jenis-perubahan-wujud",{"_34":2555,"_36":2556,"_38":2557,"_40":2529,"_42":2558},"Q = m × L","Kalor perubahan wujud; selama es mencair atau air mendidih suhunya tidak naik.","kalor lebur es 334 kJ/kg",{"_20":2552,"_45":2553},{"_34":2560,"_36":2561,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2562},"ΔL = α × L₀ × ΔT","Pemuaian panjang; α baja 12 × 10⁻⁶ /°C. Kenaikan 1 °C sama dengan kenaikan 1 K.",{"_20":2563,"_45":2564},"Pemuaian termal dan skala kelvin","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/pemuaian-termal-skala-kelvin",{"_34":2566,"_36":2567,"_38":-7,"_40":2529,"_42":2568},"η Carnot = 1 − Tc ÷ Th","Batas efisiensi mesin kalor; kedua suhu dalam kelvin, T = t + 273,15.",{"_20":2569,"_45":2570},"Hukum I termodinamika dan efisiensi mesin kalor","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/hukum-pertama-termodinamika-mesin-kalor",{"_34":2572,"_36":2573,"_38":-7,"_40":2574,"_42":2575},"T = 2π × √(L ÷ g)","Periode bandul sederhana bersudut kecil; massa beban tidak ikut menentukan. Untuk pegas: T = 2π × √(m ÷ k).","Getaran, gelombang, dan bunyi",{"_20":2576,"_45":2577},"Getaran: pegas dan bandul sederhana","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/getaran-pegas-dan-bandul",{"_34":2579,"_36":2580,"_38":2581,"_40":2574,"_42":2582},"v = f × λ","Cepat rambat gelombang; saat pindah medium, frekuensinya tetap dan panjang gelombangnya berubah.","radio 50 MHz: λ = 3 × 10⁸ ÷ (5 × 10⁷) = 6 m",{"_20":2583,"_45":2584},"Gelombang: frekuensi, panjang gelombang, dan cepat rambat","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/gelombang-frekuensi-panjang-gelombang",{"_34":2586,"_36":2587,"_38":-7,"_40":2574,"_42":2588},"β = 10 × log(I ÷ I₀)","Taraf intensitas dalam desibel dengan I₀ = 10⁻¹² W/m²; naik 10 dB berarti intensitas sepuluh kali.",{"_20":2589,"_45":2590},"Bunyi: gema, intensitas, dan taraf intensitas dalam desibel","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/bunyi-gema-intensitas-desibel",{"_34":2592,"_36":2593,"_38":2594,"_40":2595,"_42":2596},"V = I × R","Hukum Ohm; ubah mA ke A lebih dulu, 50 mA = 0,05 A.","12 V ÷ 0,5 A = 24 Ω","Listrik",{"_20":2597,"_45":2598},"Arus, tegangan, hambatan, dan hukum Ohm","/belajar/fisika-dasar/arus-tegangan-hukum-ohm",{"_34":2600,"_36":2601,"_38":2602,"_40":2595,"_42":2603},"Rs = R₁ + R₂ · 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂","Hambatan pengganti seri dan paralel; hambatan paralel selalu lebih kecil dari hambatan terkecilnya.","6 Ω dan 3 Ω: seri 9 Ω, paralel 2 Ω",{"_20":2604,"_45":2605},"Rangkaian seri, rangkaian paralel, daya listrik, dan kWh","/belajar/fisika-dasar/rangkaian-seri-paralel-daya-kwh",{"_34":2607,"_36":2608,"_38":-7,"_40":2595,"_42":2609},"P = V × I","Daya listrik dalam watt; bentuk lainnya I² × R dan V² ÷ R.",{"_20":2604,"_45":2605},{"_34":2611,"_36":2612,"_38":2613,"_40":2595,"_42":2614},"kWh = kW × jam","Energi pada tagihan listrik; ubah watt ke kilowatt dulu. 1 kWh = 3.600.000 J.","400 W, 2 jam sehari, 30 hari: 0,4 × 60 = 24 kWh",{"_20":2604,"_45":2605},{"_34":2616,"_36":2617,"_38":-7,"_40":2618,"_42":2619},"n₁ × sin θ₁ = n₂ × sin θ₂","Hukum Snellius dengan sudut diukur dari garis normal; indeks bias n = c ÷ v.","Optik",{"_20":2620,"_45":2621},"Pembiasan, indeks bias, dan hukum Snellius","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/pembiasan-hukum-snellius",{"_34":2623,"_36":2624,"_38":2625,"_40":2618,"_42":2626},"1/f = 1/dₒ + 1/dᵢ","Persamaan cermin dan lensa tipis; perbesarannya m = −dᵢ ÷ dₒ, dan m negatif berarti bayangan terbalik.","cermin cekung f = 15 cm, benda 20 cm: dᵢ = 60 cm, m = −3",{"_20":2627,"_45":2628},"Pemantulan dan cermin lengkung","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/pemantulan-cermin-lengkung",{"_34":2630,"_36":2631,"_38":2632,"_40":2618,"_42":2633},"P = 1 ÷ f","Daya lensa dalam dioptri dengan f dalam meter; kacamata minus adalah lensa cekung untuk rabun jauh.","f = −50 cm → P = −2 D",{"_20":2634,"_45":2635},"Lensa tipis: bayangan, perbesaran, dan daya lensa","/belajar/fisika-lanjutan/lensa-tipis-daya-lensa",{"_18":2637,"_20":2638,"_22":2639,"_24":2640,"_26":2641,"_28":7,"_29":2012,"_31":2642},"rumus-kimia","Rumus Kimia: Mol, Molaritas, pH, Gas Ideal, dan Entalpi","Rumus mol dan massa molar, stoikiometri, molaritas dan pengenceran, pH, larutan penyangga, gas ideal, entalpi, hukum Hess, dan kesetimbangan — masing-masing menaut ke soal hitungan yang dinilai otomatis.","Kimia","⚗",[2643,2651,2656,2663,2667,2674,2682,2687,2691,2698,2704,2709,2717,2722,2728,2733,2740,2746,2753,2761,2767,2771,2777,2783,2790,2795,2801,2805,2811,2818],{"_34":2644,"_36":2645,"_38":2646,"_40":2647,"_42":2648},"neutron = A − Z","Nomor massa dikurangi nomor atom; atom netral punya elektron sebanyak protonnya.","besi-56, Z = 26: 30 neutron","Atom dan senyawa",{"_20":2649,"_45":2650},"Partikel penyusun atom dan isotop","/belajar/kimia-dasar/partikel-penyusun-atom",{"_34":2652,"_36":2653,"_38":2654,"_40":2647,"_42":2655},"massa atom rata-rata = Σ(massa isotop × kelimpahan)","Rata-rata berbobot seluruh isotop; itulah angka massa atom di tabel periodik.","klorin: 35 × 0,75 + 37 × 0,25 = 35,5",{"_20":2649,"_45":2650},{"_34":2657,"_36":2658,"_38":2659,"_40":2647,"_42":2660},"elektron ion = Z − muatan","Kation melepas elektron, anion menerima elektron; jumlah protonnya tidak berubah.","S²⁻: 16 + 2 = 18 elektron",{"_20":2661,"_45":2662},"Ion dan jenis ikatan","/belajar/kimia-dasar/ion-dan-jenis-ikatan",{"_34":2664,"_36":2665,"_38":-7,"_40":2647,"_42":2666},"golongan 1: +1 · 2: +2 · 15: −3 · 16: −2 · 17: −1","Muatan ion unsur golongan utama yang diramalkan dari tabel periodik; aluminium di golongan 13 bermuatan +3.",{"_20":2661,"_45":2662},{"_34":2668,"_36":2669,"_38":2670,"_40":2647,"_42":2671},"Al³⁺ + O²⁻ → Al₂O₃","Rumus senyawa ion memakai perbandingan terkecil yang membuat total muatannya nol; ion poliatom yang lebih dari satu diberi kurung.","Mg(OH)₂ · Ca₃(PO₄)₂",{"_20":2672,"_45":2673},"Menulis rumus senyawa ion","/belajar/kimia-dasar/rumus-senyawa-ion",{"_34":2675,"_36":2676,"_38":2677,"_40":2678,"_42":2679},"n = massa ÷ massa molar","Mengubah gram menjadi mol; arah sebaliknya massa = n × massa molar.","88 g CO₂ ÷ 44 g/mol = 2 mol","Mol dan stoikiometri",{"_20":2680,"_45":2681},"Massa molar, mol, dan bilangan Avogadro","/belajar/kimia-dasar/massa-molar-dan-mol",{"_34":2683,"_36":2684,"_38":2685,"_40":2678,"_42":2686},"massa molar = Σ(Ar × indeks)","Indeks di luar tanda kurung mengalikan seluruh isi kurung.","Ca(OH)₂ = 40 + 2 × (16 + 1) = 74 g/mol",{"_20":2680,"_45":2681},{"_34":2688,"_36":2689,"_38":-7,"_40":2678,"_42":2690},"jumlah partikel = n × 6,02 × 10²³","Bilangan Avogadro mengubah mol menjadi jumlah atom atau molekul.",{"_20":2680,"_45":2681},{"_34":2692,"_36":2693,"_38":2694,"_40":2678,"_42":2695},"setarakan dengan koefisien, bukan indeks","Jumlah atom tiap unsur sama di kedua sisi, dengan koefisien bilangan bulat terkecil.","CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O",{"_20":2696,"_45":2697},"Menyetarakan persamaan reaksi","/belajar/kimia-dasar/menyetarakan-reaksi",{"_34":2699,"_36":2700,"_38":-7,"_40":2678,"_42":2701},"pereaksi pembatas = mol ÷ koefisien terkecil","Bukan pereaksi yang gramnya paling sedikit; yang habis lebih dulu menentukan banyaknya hasil.",{"_20":2702,"_45":2703},"Stoikiometri, pereaksi pembatas, dan persen hasil","/belajar/kimia-dasar/stoikiometri-dan-hasil-reaksi",{"_34":2705,"_36":2706,"_38":2707,"_40":2678,"_42":2708},"persen hasil = hasil nyata ÷ hasil teoretis × 100%","Kedua hasil ditulis dalam satuan yang sama, misalnya gram.","30,6 g ÷ 36 g × 100% = 85%",{"_20":2702,"_45":2703},{"_34":2710,"_36":2711,"_38":2712,"_40":2713,"_42":2714},"M = mol ÷ liter larutan","Molaritas memakai volume larutan akhir; mililiter dibagi 1.000 lebih dulu.","0,2 mol dalam 500 mL = 0,4 M","Larutan, asam, dan basa",{"_20":2715,"_45":2716},"Molaritas dan pengenceran","/belajar/kimia-dasar/molaritas-dan-pengenceran",{"_34":2718,"_36":2719,"_38":2720,"_40":2713,"_42":2721},"M₁ × V₁ = M₂ × V₂","Pengenceran tidak mengubah mol zat terlarut; V₂ adalah volume larutan akhir, bukan air yang ditambahkan.","50 mL HCl 6 M diencerkan sampai 300 mL: 1 M",{"_20":2715,"_45":2716},{"_34":2723,"_36":2724,"_38":-7,"_40":2713,"_42":2725},"pH = −log[H⁺]","[H⁺] = 10⁻ⁿ M berarti pH n; selisih satu satuan pH berarti [H⁺] berbeda sepuluh kali.",{"_20":2726,"_45":2727},"Asam, basa, dan pH","/belajar/kimia-dasar/asam-basa-dan-ph",{"_34":2729,"_36":2730,"_38":2731,"_40":2713,"_42":2732},"pH + pOH = 14","Berlaku pada 25 °C; untuk larutan basa hitung pOH dari [OH⁻] lebih dulu.","[OH⁻] = 10⁻³ M → pOH 3 → pH 11",{"_20":2726,"_45":2727},{"_34":2734,"_36":2735,"_38":2736,"_40":2713,"_42":2737},"[H₃O⁺] ≈ √(Ka × C)","Asam lemah hanya terion sebagian; pendekatan ini layak bila persen ionisasinya di bawah 5%. Untuk basa lemah: [OH⁻] ≈ √(Kb × C).","asam format 0,10 M, Ka 1,8 × 10⁻⁴ → pH 2,37",{"_20":2738,"_45":2739},"Asam dan basa lemah: Ka dan Kb","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/ka-kb-asam-basa-lemah",{"_34":2741,"_36":2742,"_38":-7,"_40":2713,"_42":2743},"pH = pKa + log([A⁻] ÷ [HA])","Persamaan Henderson–Hasselbalch untuk larutan penyangga; bila [A⁻] = [HA], pH = pKa.",{"_20":2744,"_45":2745},"Larutan penyangga","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/larutan-penyangga",{"_34":2747,"_36":2748,"_38":2749,"_40":2713,"_42":2750},"M asam × V asam = M basa × V basa","Titik ekuivalen titrasi asam dan basa berproton satu; satu mol H₂SO₄ yang diprotik butuh dua mol NaOH.","25,0 mL HCl, ekuivalen pada 20,0 mL NaOH 0,100 M: 0,080 M",{"_20":2751,"_45":2752},"Titrasi asam-basa","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/titrasi-asam-basa",{"_34":2754,"_36":2755,"_38":2756,"_40":2757,"_42":2758},"PV = nRT","R = 0,08206 L·atm/(mol·K) untuk atm dan liter, 8,314 J/(mol·K) untuk SI; suhu dalam kelvin, °C + 273,15.","0,25 mol, 0 °C, 1 atm: V = 5,60 L","Gas dan termokimia",{"_20":2759,"_45":2760},"Hukum gas ideal","/belajar/kimia-dasar/hukum-gas-ideal",{"_34":2762,"_36":2763,"_38":-7,"_40":2757,"_42":2764},"q = m × c × ΔT","Kalor yang diserap larutan di kalorimeter; kalor reaksinya sama besar dengan tanda berlawanan.",{"_20":2765,"_45":2766},"Entalpi reaksi dan kalorimetri","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/entalpi-dan-kalorimetri",{"_34":2768,"_36":2769,"_38":-7,"_40":2757,"_42":2770},"ΔH < 0 eksoterm · ΔH > 0 endoterm","Reaksi eksoterm melepas kalor sehingga lingkungannya menghangat; endoterm menyerap kalor sehingga lingkungannya mendingin.",{"_20":2765,"_45":2766},{"_34":2772,"_36":2773,"_38":-7,"_40":2757,"_42":2774},"ΔH° = Σn·ΔH°f produk − Σn·ΔH°f pereaksi","Entalpi reaksi dari tabel entalpi pembentukan standar; unsur dalam bentuk paling stabilnya ber-ΔH°f nol.",{"_20":2775,"_45":2776},"Entalpi pembentukan standar","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/entalpi-pembentukan-standar",{"_34":2778,"_36":2779,"_38":-7,"_40":2757,"_42":2780},"hukum Hess","Persamaan dibalik, tanda ΔH dibalik; dikalikan, ΔH ikut dikalikan; dijumlahkan, ΔH dijumlahkan.",{"_20":2781,"_45":2782},"Hukum Hess","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/hukum-hess",{"_34":2784,"_36":2785,"_38":-7,"_40":2786,"_42":2787},"laju = k[A]ᵐ[B]ⁿ","Orde reaksi ditentukan dari data laju awal, bukan dibaca dari koefisien persamaan reaksi.","Laju, kesetimbangan, dan redoks",{"_20":2788,"_45":2789},"Hukum laju dan orde reaksi","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/hukum-laju-dan-orde",{"_34":2791,"_36":2792,"_38":2793,"_40":2786,"_42":2794},"sisa = (½)ⁿ","Bagian pereaksi yang tersisa setelah n kali waktu paruh pada reaksi orde satu.","waktu paruh 20 menit, setelah 80 menit: (½)⁴ = 6,25%",{"_20":2788,"_45":2789},{"_34":2796,"_36":2797,"_38":-7,"_40":2786,"_42":2798},"Kc = [C]ᶜ[D]ᵈ ÷ ([A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ)","Konsentrasi setimbang dipangkatkan koefisiennya; padatan dan cairan murni tidak ditulis.",{"_20":2799,"_45":2800},"Kesetimbangan dan tetapan Kc","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/tetapan-kesetimbangan",{"_34":2802,"_36":2803,"_38":-7,"_40":2786,"_42":2804},"Q < Kc → ke kanan · Q > Kc → ke kiri","Kuosien reaksi dihitung dari konsentrasi saat itu lalu dibandingkan dengan Kc untuk meramalkan arah reaksi.",{"_20":2799,"_45":2800},{"_34":2806,"_36":2807,"_38":-7,"_40":2786,"_42":2808},"asas Le Chatelier","Sistem setimbang bergeser mengurangi gangguan; tekanan naik menggeser ke sisi bermol gas lebih sedikit, dan hanya suhu yang mengubah Kc.",{"_20":2809,"_45":2810},"Pergeseran kesetimbangan: asas Le Chatelier","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/asas-le-chatelier",{"_34":2812,"_36":2813,"_38":2814,"_40":2786,"_42":2815},"Σ biloks = muatan total","Oksigen umumnya −2 dan hidrogen +1 bila terikat nonlogam; oksidasi berarti biloks naik.","KMnO₄: +1 + x − 8 = 0 → Mn +7",{"_20":2816,"_45":2817},"Bilangan oksidasi dan reaksi redoks","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/bilangan-oksidasi-dan-redoks",{"_34":2819,"_36":2820,"_38":2821,"_40":2786,"_42":2822},"E°sel = E°katode − E°anode","Potensial reduksi yang lebih positif menjadi katode; E° tidak dikalikan koefisien.","sel Daniell: 0,34 − (−0,76) = 1,10 V",{"_20":2823,"_45":2824},"Sel volta dan potensial sel","/belajar/kimia-lanjutan/sel-volta-dan-potensial",{"_18":2826,"_20":2827,"_22":2828,"_24":2829,"_26":2830,"_28":7,"_29":2831,"_31":2832},"kata-baku","Daftar Kata Baku dan Tidak Baku untuk Surat Kerja","Kata baku menurut KBBI, ejaan kata serapan, dan penulisan kata yang paling sering keliru di surat kantor — praktik, analisis, risiko, mengubah, di sini, apa pun — masing-masing menaut ke latihan yang menilai pilihanmu.","Kata baku","Aa",41,[2833,2841,2846,2850,2855,2860,2865,2870,2875,2879,2883,2887,2891,2896,2903,2907,2912,2916,2920,2927,2931,2935,2939,2943,2947,2951,2955,2959,2963,2967,2975,2980,2984,2989,2995,2999,3003,3007,3014,3018,3024],{"_34":2834,"_36":2835,"_38":2836,"_40":2837,"_42":2838},"praktik, bukan praktek","Entri praktik di KBBI mencantumkan praktek sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","praktik kerja lapangan","Kata baku menurut KBBI",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},"Kata baku dan cara membaca KBBI","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/kata-baku-dan-kbbi",{"_34":2842,"_36":2843,"_38":2844,"_40":2837,"_42":2845},"analisis, bukan analisa","Mencari analisa di KBBI mengarahkan ke entri bentuk bakunya, analisis.","Analisis biaya selesai Jumat.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2847,"_36":2848,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2849},"jadwal, bukan jadual","Entri jadwal menandai jadual sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2851,"_36":2852,"_38":2853,"_40":2837,"_42":2854},"risiko, bukan resiko","Suku pertamanya ri-; resiko dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","risiko keselamatan kerja",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2856,"_36":2857,"_38":2858,"_40":2837,"_42":2859},"silakan, bukan silahkan","Ditulis tanpa huruf h; silahkan dicatat sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","Silakan menunggu di ruang tamu.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2861,"_36":2862,"_38":2863,"_40":2837,"_42":2864},"mengubah, bukan merubah","Kata dasarnya ubah, bukan rubah, sehingga meng- + ubah menjadi mengubah.","mengubah format laporan",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2866,"_36":2867,"_38":2868,"_40":2837,"_42":2869},"mengimbau, bukan menghimbau","Kata dasarnya imbau; KBBI mencatat himbau sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","Pimpinan mengimbau staf hadir tepat waktu.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2871,"_36":2872,"_38":2873,"_40":2837,"_42":2874},"andal, bukan handal","Ditulis tanpa h di depan; handal dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","staf yang andal",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2876,"_36":2877,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2878},"kualitas, bukan kwalitas","Ditulis ku, bukan kw; entri kualitas mencantumkan kwalitas sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2880,"_36":2881,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2882},"kuitansi, bukan kwitansi","Sama seperti kualitas: ku, bukan kw. KBBI mencatat kwitansi sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2884,"_36":2885,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2886},"aktivitas, bukan aktifitas","Ditulis dengan v; aktifitas dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2888,"_36":2889,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2890},"provinsi, bukan propinsi","Ditulis dengan v; propinsi dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2892,"_36":2893,"_38":2894,"_40":2837,"_42":2895},"karier, bukan karir","Entri karier mencantumkan karir sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","jenjang karier pegawai",{"_20":2839,"_45":2840},{"_34":2897,"_36":2898,"_38":2899,"_40":2837,"_42":2900},"zaman, bukan jaman","Diawali huruf z; jaman dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","di zaman digital",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},"Misi: memperbaiki paragraf laporan","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/misi-memperbaiki-laporan",{"_34":2904,"_36":2905,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2906},"sistem, bukan sistim","Suku akhirnya -tem; sistim dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2908,"_36":2909,"_38":2910,"_40":2837,"_42":2911},"antre, bukan antri","Berakhir dengan e, begitu pula turunannya antrean; antri dicatat sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","Warga tidak perlu antre lama.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2913,"_36":2914,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2915},"detail, bukan detil","KBBI mencatat detil sebagai bentuk tidak baku dari detail.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2917,"_36":2918,"_38":-7,"_40":2837,"_42":2919},"nasihat, bukan nasehat","Suku keduanya -si-; nasehat dicatat KBBI sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2921,"_36":2922,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2924},"sertifikat, bukan sertipikat","Dari certificate: c sebelum e menjadi s. KBBI mencatat sertipikat sebagai bentuk tidak baku.","Kata serapan",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},"Menulis unsur serapan","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/menulis-unsur-serapan",{"_34":2928,"_36":2929,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2930},"ekspor, bukan eksport","Dari export: x di tengah kata menjadi ks. KBBI mencatat eksport sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2932,"_36":2933,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2934},"skema, bukan sekema","Dari scheme: sch di depan vokal menjadi sk, tanpa vokal sisipan. KBBI mencatat sekema sebagai bentuk tidak baku.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2936,"_36":2937,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2938},"teknik dan teknologi, bukan tehnik dan tehnologi","Gabungan ch yang diikuti konsonan atau o menjadi k: technique → teknik, technology → teknologi.",{"_20":2901,"_45":2902},{"_34":2940,"_36":2941,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2942},"product → produk","Gabungan ct di akhir kata menjadi k, seperti contract menjadi kontrak.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2944,"_36":2945,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2946},"cursor → kursor","Huruf c yang diikuti a, o, u, atau konsonan menjadi k; construction juga menjadi konstruksi.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2948,"_36":2949,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2950},"cyber → siber","Huruf c yang diikuti e, i, oe, atau y menjadi s; central juga menjadi sentral.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2952,"_36":2953,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2954},"phase → fase","Gabungan ph menjadi f, dan th menjadi t.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2956,"_36":2957,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2958},"ticket → tiket · taxi → taksi","Gabungan ck menjadi k, dan x di tengah kata menjadi ks.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2960,"_36":2961,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2962},"effect → efek","Konsonan ganda menjadi tunggal, kecuali bila bentuk tunggalnya bermakna lain: massa tetap massa supaya tidak tertukar dengan masa.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2964,"_36":2965,"_38":-7,"_40":2923,"_42":2966},"de jure, force majeure","Unsur yang tidak diserap ditulis miring apa adanya, tanpa penyesuaian ejaan.",{"_20":2925,"_45":2926},{"_34":2968,"_36":2969,"_38":2970,"_40":2971,"_42":2972},"di sini, bukan disini","Di yang menunjuk tempat adalah kata depan dan ditulis terpisah; di- pembentuk kata kerja pasif ditulis serangkai, seperti disimpan.","Berkas itu disimpan di dalam lemari.","Dirangkai atau dipisah",{"_20":2973,"_45":2974},"Kata depan, partikel, dan kata ganti","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/kata-depan-partikel-kata-ganti",{"_34":2976,"_36":2977,"_38":2978,"_40":2971,"_42":2979},"keluar dan ke luar","Keluar adalah kata kerja; ke luar adalah kata depan ditambah kata arah.","keluar dari ruangan · pergi ke luar kota",{"_20":2973,"_45":2974},{"_34":2981,"_36":2982,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":2983},"apa pun, bukan apapun","Partikel pun ditulis terpisah, kecuali pada penghubung yang sudah padu: walaupun, meskipun, bagaimanapun, adapun.",{"_20":2973,"_45":2974},{"_34":2985,"_36":2986,"_38":2987,"_40":2971,"_42":2988},"per hari, satu per satu","Per yang berarti tiap, mulai, demi, atau melalui ditulis terpisah.","Rp60.000,00 per rim · berlaku per 1 Maret",{"_20":2973,"_45":2974},{"_34":2990,"_36":2991,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":2992},"pertanggungjawaban, bukan pertanggung jawaban","Gabungan kata yang mendapat awalan dan akhiran sekaligus ditulis serangkai, seperti ditandatangani.",{"_20":2993,"_45":2994},"Kata berimbuhan, bentuk ulang, dan gabungan kata","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/kata-berimbuhan-dan-gabungan-kata",{"_34":2996,"_36":2997,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":2998},"garis bawahi, bukan garisbawahi","Gabungan kata yang hanya berakhiran, atau hanya berawalan seperti bertanda tangan, tetap ditulis terpisah.",{"_20":2993,"_45":2994},{"_34":3000,"_36":3001,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3002},"wali kota, bukan walikota","Unsur gabungan kata ditulis terpisah, seperti rumah sakit dan tanda tangan.",{"_20":2993,"_45":2994},{"_34":3004,"_36":3005,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3006},"antarkantor, non-ASN","Bentuk terikat seperti antar, pasca, dan non ditulis serangkai; bila bertemu huruf kapital, dirangkai dengan tanda hubung.",{"_20":2993,"_45":2994},{"_34":3008,"_36":3009,"_38":3010,"_40":2971,"_42":3011},"s.d., bukan s/d","Singkatan dua huruf diberi titik di setiap huruf; garis miring tidak dipakai untuk sampai dengan.","pukul 09.00 s.d. 11.00 WIB",{"_20":3012,"_45":3013},"Singkatan dan akronim","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/singkatan-dan-akronim",{"_34":3015,"_36":3016,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3017},"Rp12.000,00, bukan Rp. 12.000","Lambang mata uang ditulis tanpa titik dan rapat dengan angkanya.",{"_20":3012,"_45":3013},{"_34":3019,"_36":3020,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3021},"ke-3 atau ketiga, bukan ke 3","Ke- dirangkai tanda hubung dengan angka Arab dan serangkai dengan huruf; bentuk ke-tiga tidak ada.",{"_20":3022,"_45":3023},"Angka dan bilangan","/belajar/bahasa-indonesia-baku/angka-dan-bilangan",{"_34":3025,"_36":3026,"_38":-7,"_40":2971,"_42":3027},"1990-an, bukan 1990an","Angka yang mendapat akhiran -an dirangkai dengan tanda hubung.",{"_20":3022,"_45":3023},{"_18":3029,"_20":3030,"_22":3031,"_24":3032,"_26":3033,"_28":7,"_29":3034,"_31":3035},"tenses-bahasa-inggris","Tenses Bahasa Inggris: Rumus dan Penanda Waktunya","Rumus present simple, present continuous, past simple, present perfect, past continuous, kalimat pasif, dan tiga pola if — lengkap dengan penanda waktu yang memilihnya, masing-masing menaut ke soal yang dinilai.","Tenses","EN",17,[3036,3044,3051,3058,3065,3072,3079,3084,3092,3097,3102,3109,3116,3124,3131,3138,3143],{"_34":3037,"_36":3038,"_38":3039,"_40":3040,"_42":3041},"am / is / are","To be untuk I (am), he, she, it (is), dan you, we, they (are); kalimat tanpa kata kerja lain tetap memerlukannya.","She is happy. · There are two cats in the garden.","Sekarang",{"_20":3042,"_45":3043},"To be — am, is, are, dan there is / there are","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/a1-to-be-am-is-are",{"_34":3045,"_36":3046,"_38":3047,"_40":3040,"_42":3048},"present simple: I work · she works","Kebiasaan, rutinitas, dan fakta tetap; subjek he, she, it menambah -s, -es, atau -ies.","She studies English every night.",{"_20":3049,"_45":3050},"Present simple, kata benda jamak, dan kata tunjuk","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/a1-present-simple-everyday",{"_34":3052,"_36":3053,"_38":3054,"_40":3040,"_42":3055},"don't / doesn't + bentuk dasar","Negatif dan pertanyaan present simple; sesudah does, kata kerja kembali ke bentuk dasar.","Does she like tea? · He doesn't like spicy food.",{"_20":3056,"_45":3057},"Mesin kalimat A1 — pronoun, -s, do, dan there","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/en-a1-sentence-engine",{"_34":3059,"_36":3060,"_38":3061,"_40":3040,"_42":3062},"present simple untuk jadwal","Jadwal tetap seperti keberangkatan kereta memakai present simple, bukan present continuous.","The train leaves at 6 PM every evening.",{"_20":3063,"_45":3064},"Misi 2 — rutinitas, kejadian sekarang, dan kata kerja keadaan","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/misi-2",{"_34":3066,"_36":3067,"_38":3068,"_40":3040,"_42":3069},"present continuous: am / is / are + -ing","Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung; penandanya now, right now, at the moment, atau seruan seperti Listen!","The baby is sleeping right now.",{"_20":3070,"_45":3071},"Misi 1 — kebiasaan dan kejadian saat ini","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/misi-1",{"_34":3073,"_36":3074,"_38":3075,"_40":3040,"_42":3076},"present continuous untuk keadaan sementara","Keadaan yang berlaku sebentar lalu berakhir, misalnya dengan keterangan this week.","We are staying at a hotel this week.",{"_20":3077,"_45":3078},"Misi 4 — keadaan sementara dan kejadian masa lampau","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/misi-4",{"_34":3080,"_36":3081,"_38":3082,"_40":3040,"_42":3083},"kata kerja keadaan tanpa -ing","know, believe, want, need, dan understand tetap present simple walaupun maknanya menunjuk saat ini.","I believe that he is telling the truth.",{"_20":3063,"_45":3064},{"_34":3085,"_36":3086,"_38":3087,"_40":3088,"_42":3089},"past simple + waktu lampau yang tertutup","yesterday, last year, two weeks ago, dan in 1995 menunjuk waktu yang sudah selesai.","The factory produced its first engine in 1974.","Lampau dan present perfect",{"_20":3090,"_45":3091},"Memilih bentuk waktu dari penandanya","/belajar/inggris-untuk-tes/tense-dari-penanda-waktu",{"_34":3093,"_36":3094,"_38":3095,"_40":3088,"_42":3096},"past simple tidak beraturan","Sebagian kata kerja berubah tanpa akhiran -ed: see → saw, go → went, buy → bought.","I saw a great movie last night.",{"_20":3077,"_45":3078},{"_34":3098,"_36":3099,"_38":3100,"_40":3088,"_42":3101},"present perfect: have / has + bentuk -ed","Rentang waktu yang masih terbuka sampai sekarang: since, yet, today, this year, in the last six months.","The price of copper has risen twice since January.",{"_20":3090,"_45":3091},{"_34":3103,"_36":3104,"_38":3105,"_40":3088,"_42":3106},"present perfect + for / since","Keadaan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlangsung: for diikuti lamanya waktu, since diikuti titik awalnya.","I have worked here since 2022.",{"_20":3107,"_45":3108},"Pekerjaan sekarang dan pengalaman kerja","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-kerja/pekerjaan-dan-pengalaman",{"_34":3110,"_36":3111,"_38":3112,"_40":3088,"_42":3113},"past continuous: was / were + -ing","Kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika kegiatan lain menyela; kegiatan penyelanya memakai past simple.","I was having dinner when you called me.",{"_20":3114,"_45":3115},"Misi 3 — kata kerja keadaan, pertanyaan, dan latar masa lampau","/belajar/bahasa-inggris-pemula/misi-3",{"_34":3117,"_36":3118,"_38":3119,"_40":3120,"_42":3121},"modal + bentuk dasar","Sesudah can, could, will, would, must, dan should, kata kerjanya tanpa to, tanpa -s, dan tanpa -ing.","The committee must check the figures before Friday.","Kata bantu, pasif, dan pengandaian",{"_20":3122,"_45":3123},"Bentuk kata kerja sesudah kata bantu","/belajar/inggris-untuk-tes/bentuk-kata-kerja-setelah-kata-bantu",{"_34":3125,"_36":3126,"_38":3127,"_40":3120,"_42":3128},"pasif: be + bentuk -ed","Waktunya menempel pada be — is/are, was/were, has been, will be — sedangkan kata kerja utamanya tetap bentuk -ed.","The bridge was built in 1928.",{"_20":3129,"_45":3130},"Kalimat pasif","/belajar/inggris-untuk-tes/kalimat-pasif",{"_34":3132,"_36":3133,"_38":3134,"_40":3120,"_42":3135},"if + present simple, will + bentuk dasar","Pengandaian yang mungkin terjadi.","If the valve fails, the tank will overflow.",{"_20":3136,"_45":3137},"Misi: waktu, kata bantu, pasif, dan pengandaian","/belajar/inggris-untuk-tes/misi-waktu-dan-bentuk",{"_34":3139,"_36":3140,"_38":3141,"_40":3120,"_42":3142},"if + past simple, would + bentuk dasar","Pengandaian yang dianggap tidak mungkin terjadi.","If the city planted more trees, the streets would be cooler.",{"_20":3136,"_45":3137},{"_34":3144,"_36":3145,"_38":3146,"_40":3120,"_42":3147},"if + past perfect, would have + bentuk -ed","Pengandaian tentang masa lalu yang sudah lewat dan tidak terjadi.","If the sensor had been replaced in March, the shutdown would not have happened.",{"_20":3136,"_45":3137},"actionData","errors"] </article></body></html>